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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


LIBRARY 


OF    THE 


UNITED  STATES 
DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


8—1577 


CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 

FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 
FLETCHER  HA^IILTON  State  Mineralogist 

San  Francisco]  BULLETIN  No.  71  [August,  1916 


COMPUMENTS  OF 

F.  MCN.  HAMELTON 

STATE  MInPP  ^UOCaSJ 

California 

Mineral  Production 

for  1915 


WITH  MINING  LAW  APPENDIX 


AND 


COUNTY  MAPS 


By  WALTER  W.  BRADLEY,  Mining  Statistician 


California 

State  Printing  Office 

191G 

25«7  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFOIWIA. 
DAVIS 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pnge 

INTRODUCTION    5 

Chapter  I. 

SUMMARY  OF  THE   MINERAL  INDUSTRY  IN   CALIFORNIA  DURING  THE 

YEAR  OF  1915 7 

TABULATION   OF  THE  MINERAL   PRODUCTION   FOR   1915,   AMOUNT  AND 

VALUE S 

TABLE    SHOWING    COMPARATIVE    VALUE    OF    MINERAL    PRODUCTION, 

1914,   1915 9 

TABLE      SHOWING     COMPARATIVE     MINERAL     PRODUCTION     OF     THE 

VARIOUS   COUNTIES    IN    CALIFORNIA   P'OR    1914,    1915 10 

Chapter   II. 

FUELS    (HYDROCARBONS)  — 

Introductory  11 

Coal 1 1 

Natural  Gas 12 

Petroleum  14 

Chapter  III. 
METALS — 

. Introductory  22 

Aluminum   23 

Antimony 23 

Copper 23 

Gold 25 

Iridium.      (See  Platinum.) 

Iron   28 

Lead 29 

Manganese 30 

Molybdenum 31 

Nickel    32 

Osmium 32 

Palladium    32 

Platinum   32 

Quicksilver 33 

Silver    35 

Tin 37 

Tungsten   37 

Vanadium _  38 

Zinc   39 

Chapter  IV. 

STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS — 

Introductory  40 

Asphalt    41 

BiTU.MiNous  Rock 41 

Brick  and  Tile 42 

Cement  ! 44 

Chrome 45 

Lime 46 

Magnesite    47 

Marble    54 

Onyx  and  Travertine 54 

Sandstone    55 

Serpentine 55 

Slate 56 

Stone — Miscellaneous 57 

Chapter  V. 
INDUSTRIAL  MATERIALS— 

Introductory  63 

Asbestos  64 

Barytes 66 

Clay — Pottery    67 

Dolomite 68 

Feldspar 69 

Fuller's  Earth   69 

Gems    70 

Graphite 71 

Gypsum  72 

Infusorial  Earth  73 

Limestone    74 

LiTHIA 75 

Mica 75 

Mineral  Paint • 76 

Mineral  Water 76 

Phosphates 77 

Pumice  and  Volcanic  Ash 77 

Pyrite  78 

Silica — Sand  and  Quartz 79 

Soapstone  or  Talc SO 

Strontium    81 

Sulphur   81 


91577 


4  TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 

Chapter  VI. 

SALINES —  rase 

Introductory  82 

BORAX    82 

Magnesia    83 

Nitrates 8:{ 

Potash    84 

Salt 84 

Soda 85 

Chapter  VII. 

MINERAL   PRODUCTION   OF   CALIFORNIA  BY   COUNTIES. 

INTRODUCTORY  87 

ALAMEDA 88 

ALPINE 89 

Amador  8!> 

Butte    90 

Calaveras 90 

Colusa 91 

Contra  Costa  91 

Del  Norte    92 

El  Dorado    92 

Fresno 33 

Glenn   94 

Humboldt 94 

Imperial   95 

Inyo 95 

Kern    96 

Kings 97 

Lake    97 

Lassen 9S 

Los  Angeles 9S 

Madera    99 

Marin    90 

Mariposa 100 

Mendocino    100 

Merced 101 

Modoc    101 

Mono    102 

Monterey 102 

Napa 1«13 

Nevada    103 

Orange    104 

Placer 104 

Plumas   105 

Riverside    106 

Sacramento 106 

San  Benito 107 

San  Bernardino   107 

San  Diego lOS 

San  Francisco    109 

San  Joaquin    109 

San  Luis  Obispo lOi 

San  Mateo 110 

Sant.a.  Barbara 110 

Santa  Clara   111 

Santa  Cruz    112 

Shasta    112 

Sierra    113 

Siskiyou   113 

Solano 114 

Sonoma   115 

Stanislaus 115 

Sutter 116 

Tehama 116 

Trinity    116 

Tulare 117 

Tuolumne 117 

Ventura   118 

Yolo 119 

Yuba    119 

Chapter  VIII. 

appendix. 
MINING  LAWS — 

OF  California 120 

Federal 155 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  STATE  MINING  BURE.\U 168 

COUNTY  MAPS 171 

INDEX    191 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Museum  of  State  Mivino  Bureau FrontispiefP 

Shaft  Furnace  of  Western  Magnestte  Deatilopment  Company 48 

Rotary  Kiln  of  Sonoma  Magnesite  Company 49 

Grinding  Mill  Pebbles  on  Beach  at  Bird  Rock 59 


LETTER  OF  INTRODUCTION. 

The  Bulletin  herewith  presented  of  the  mineral  industries  of  Cali- 
fornia is  the  result  of  a  painstaking  effort  to  so  compile  the  statistics 
of  production  that  they  will  be  of  actual  iLse  to  producers  and  to  those 
interested  in  the  utilization  of  the  mineral  products  of  our  state.  In 
addition  to  the  mere  figures  of  output,  we  have  included  descriptions  of 
the  uses  and  characteristics  of  many  of  the  materials,  as  well  as  a  brief 
mention  of  their  occurrences. 

The  compilation  of  accurate  and  dependable  figures  is  an  extremely 
difficult  undertaking,  and  the  State  Mineralogist  takes  the  opportunity 
of  here  expressing  his  appreciation  of  the  universal  co-operation  of  the 
producers  in  making  this  work  possible.  The  response  to  our  request 
for  early  replies  is  particularly  pleasing.  A  fuller  appreciation  of  the 
value  of  early  responses  to  the  requests  sent  out  at  the  beginning  of 
each  year,  will  result  in  earlier  publication  of  the  data  in  the  future. 

It  is  the  evidence  herein  put  forth  that  should  make  us  realize  the 
magnitude  of  our  latent  mineral  resources  in  this  state.  The  total 
value  for  1915  reached  the  sum  of  over  ninetj'-six  and  a  half  million 
dollars,  being  a  considerable  increase  over  the  preceding  year. 

For  the  current  year  of  1916,  there  is  promise  of  still  greater  results 
in  many  lines.  Except  for  the  year  1883,  the  gold  yield  for  1915  was 
the  largest  California  has  shown  since  1864.  In  addition  to  this,  many 
inquiries  are  being  received  relative  to  this  state's  resources  in  the 
industrial  minerals,  .such  as  asbestos,  chrome,  magne.site,  manganese 
and  many  others. 

Fletcher  Hamilton, 
State  Mineralogist. 


MINERAL  INDUSTRY,  CALIFORNIA,  1915 


DATA    COMPILED    FROM     DIRECT     RETURNS    FROM 

PRODUCERS  IN  ANSWER  TO   INQUIRIES  SENT 

OUT    BY    CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING 

BUREAU,     FERRY      BUILDING, 

SAN    FRANCISCO,   CAL. 


CHAPTER  ONE. 

Mineral  output  in  California  during  the  year  1915  amounted  to 
$96,663,369  worth  of  crude  materials.  There  were  forty-nine  different 
mineral  substances,  and  of  the  fifty-eight  counties  in  the  state  all  but 
two  contributed  some  mineral  product. 

As  compared  with  the  1914  output,  the  two  notable  features  are  the 
almost  startling  increases  in  some  of  the  metals,  and  the  decrease  in 
petroleum,  both  in  quantity  and  total  value.  The  result,  however,  is 
a  net  increa.se  in  the  grand  total  value,  of  $3,348,596  over  the  1914  total. 

Of  the  metals :  Antimony  again  entered  the  active  list  after  an 
absence  of  several  years.  Copper  increased  over  10,000,000  pounds  in 
amount  and  $3,114,192  in  value.  Gold  increased  $1,788,800.  Quick- 
silver increased  about  25%  in  amount  and  more  than  doubled  in  value. 
Tungsten  increased  from  a  value  of  $180,575  to  $1,005,467.  Zinc  in- 
creased from  399,641  pounds,  worth  $20,381,  to  13,043,411  pounds 
valued  at  $1,617,383. 

Petroleum  decreased  approximately  12,000,000  barrels  in  amount,  but 
the  average  price  per  barrel  was  slightly  higher,  so  that  the  net  result 
was  a  decrease  in  value  of  $3,983,272. 

The  figures  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  are  made  up  from  reports 
made  by  the  producers  of  the  various  minerals.  Care  is  exercised  in 
avoiding  duplication,  and  any  error  is  doubtless  upon  the  side  of  under- 
estimation. 

It  would  be  folly  to  attempt  to  set  a  limit  of  maximum  mineral  pro- 
duction for  California,  because  the  mineral  resources  are  so  extensive 
and  have  been  so  slightly  developed  along  many  lines. 

California  yields  commercially  a  greater  number  and  variety  of 
mineral  products  than  any  other  state  in  the  United  States;  and 
possesses  latent  possibilities  in  other  items  as  yet  undeveloped.  The 
total  annual  value  of  her  output  is  surpassed  by  but  four  other  states — 
they  being  the  great  coal  and  iron  producers  of  east  of  the  Mississippi 


8 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


River.  Of  several  items,  including  borax,  chrome  and  magnesite,  Cali- 
fornia is  the  sole  producer.  For  several  years  we  have  been  leading  all 
others  in  gold,  petroleum,  platinum  and  tungsten;  but  surpassed  in 
1915,  for  the  first  time  in  petroleum  by  Oklahoma. 

The  following  table  shows  the  yield  of  mineral  substances  of  Cali- 
fornia for  1915,  as  compiled  from  the  returns  received  at  the  State 
Mining  Bureau,  San  Francisco,  in  answer  to  inquiries  sent  to  producers : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Antimony  ore 

Asbestos  

Barytes  

Bituminous  rock 

Borax  

Brick 

Cement    

Ohromite   

Clay — pottery  ... 
Coal 


Copper    

Dolomite 

Feldspar  

Puller's  earth  

Gems 

Gold 

Gypsum  

Infusorial  earth 

Iron  ore  

Lead    

Lime    

Limestone  

Lithia    

Magnesite    

Manganese  ore 

Marble  

Mineral  paint  

Mineral  water 

Natural  gas  

Petroleum  

Platinum  

Potash  

Pumice  

Pyrite 

Quicksilver  

Salt   

Sandstone  

Silica  (sand  and  quartz). 

Silver  

Slate  

Soapstone  and  talc 

Soda   

Stone,  miscellaneous*  ._. 
Tungsten  concentrates  . 
Zinc   


510 
143 
410 

17,789 

67,004 

180.538 

4,918.275 

3.725 

157.866 

10.299 

40,968,966 

4.192 

1.800 

692 


tons 

tons 

tons 

tons 

tons 

M 

bbls. 

tons 

tons 

tons 

lbs. 

tons 

tons 

tons 


20,200 

12,400 

724 

4,796.299 

356.534 

146,324 

91 

30,721 

4.013 

22,186 

311 

2.274.267 

21,992,892 

91,146,620 

667 

1,076 

380 

92,462 

14,199 

169,028 

63,350 

28,904 


tons 

tons 

tons 

lbs. 

bbls. 

tons 

tons 

tons 

tons 

cu.  ft. 

tons 

gals. 

M  cu.  ft. 

bbls. 

ounces 

tons 

tons 

tons 

flasks 

tons 

cu.  ft. 

tons 


1,000  squares 
1.663  tons 
5,799  tons 


962  tons 
13,043,411  lbs. 


$35,666 

2,860 

620 

61,468 

1,663.521 

1,678.756 

6,044,950 

38,044 

133,724 

26,662 

7,169,567 

14,. 504 

9,000 

4,002 

3,565 

22,442.296 

48,953 

62,000 

2,584 

225.426 

286.304 

156.288 

1.365 

283.461 

49,098 

41,518 

1.756 

467,738 

1,706.480 

43,503,837 

21.149 

19,391 

6,400 

293,148 

L157,449 

368,737 

8,438 

34,322 

851,129 

5,000 

14,750 

83,485 

5,011,108 

1,005,467 

1,617,383 


Total  value  $96,663,369 


•Includes   granite,   macadam,   rubble,   paving   blocks,   sand   and  grarel,    and  grinding  mill 
pebbles. 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


The   following  table  shows  the  comparative  values  of  the  several 
minerals  produced  in  California  during  the  years  1914  and  1915: 


Substance 


1014 


1915 


Increase 


Decrease 


Antimony  ore 

Asbestos    ._ 

Barytes  

Bituminous  rock 

Borax 

Brick    

Cement    

Oliromite  

Clay— pottery  

Coal    

Copper    

Dolomite   

Feldspar    16,565 

Fuller's  earth  5,928 

Gems 3,970 

Gold 20,653,496 


$1,530 

3.000 

166.618 

1,483,500 

2.288.227 

6,558,148 

9,434 

167.552 

28,806 

4,055,375 


Gypsum  

Infusorial  earth  

Iron  ore 

Lead   

Lime  

Limestone  

Lithia    

Magnesite   

Manganese  ore 

Marble  

Mineral  paint 

Mineral  water 

Natural  gas  

Petroleum  

Platinum  

Potash    

Pumice    

Pyrite    

Quicksilver 

Salt 

Sandstone  

Silica  (sand  and  quartz). 

Silver  

Slate  

Soapstone  and  talc 

Soda  

Stone,  miscellaneous 

Tungsten  concentrates  .. 
Zinc  


78,375 

80,350 

5,128 

183,198 

378,663 

517,713 


114,380 

1,500 

48,832 

847 

476,169 

1,049,470 

47,487,109 

14,816 

460 

1,000 

230,058 

557,846 

583,553 

45,322 

22,688 

813.938 


4,500 

115.396 

4,860,357 

180,575 

20,381 


Totals   $93,314,773 

Net  increase ' 


$35,666 

2,860 

620 

61,468 

1,663,521 

1,678,756 

6,044,950 

38,044 

133,724 

26.662 

7,169.567 

14,504 

9,000 

4,002 

3,565 

22,442,296 

48.953 

62.000 

2,584 

225,426 

286.304 

156,288 

1,365 

283.461 

49.098 

41.518 

1.756 

467,738 

1,706,480 

43,503,837 

21,149 

19,391 

6,400 

293.148 

1.157,449 

368,737 

8,438 

34.322 

851,129 

5,000 

14,750 

83,485 

5,011.108 

1,005.467 

1,617,383 


$35,666 
1.330 

$2  380 

105,150 

180,021 

609,471 

513,198 

28,610 

33,828 

2,144 

3,114,192 
14,504 

7,565 

1,926 

405 

1,788,800 

29,422 

18,350 

2,544 

42,228 

92,359 

361,425 

1,365 

169,081 

47,598 

7,314 

909 

8,431 

657,010 

3,983,272 

6,333 

18,931 

.=5.400 

63,090 
599,603 


11,634 

37,191 

5,000 

10,250 


214,816 
36,884 


150,751 

824,892 

1,597,002 


31,911 


$96,663,369 


$3,348,596 


2—25437 


10 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  comparative  value  of  the  mineral  pro- 
duction of  the  various  counties  in  the  state  for  the  years  1914  and  1915 : 


County 

1914 

1915 

Alameda     

$870,427 

$861,683 

Alpine    

Amador  

Butte 

Calaveras   

Colusa  

Contra  Costa  ._ 

Del  Norte 

El  Dorado  

Fresno   

Glenn    

Humboldt    

Imperial  

Inyo    

Kern 

Kings    

Lake    

Lassen  

Los  Angeles  

Madera 

Marin    

Mariposa   

Mendocino  

Merced  

Modoc    

Mono  

Monterey   

Napa  

Nevada    

Orange  

Placer    

Plumas    

Eiverside   

Sacramento    

San  Benito 

Bernardino  . 

Diego  

Francisco  .. 

Joaquin 

Luis  Obispo. 

Mateo 

Santa  Barbara  ._ 

Santa  Clara  

Santa  Cruz  

Shasta  

Sierra  

Siskiyou  

Solano   

Sonoma  

Stanislaus 

Sutter  


San 
San 
San 
San 
San 
San 


Tehama  

Trinity 

Tulare   

Tuolumne 

Ventura    

Yolo    

Yuba  

Asbestos,  unapportioned 

Totals   


3.211.109 

1,755,782 

2,005,954 

32,251 

1,149,321 

5,938 

149.226 

7,484,473 

30,553 

233,3,32 

250,529 

2,085,112 

28,040,296 

740 

63.503 

4,568 

4,665,504 

203,009 

554,137 

187,505 

560 

411,701 

1,252 

16,060 

114,254 

971,748 

3,330,^0 

8,831,763 

1,097,098 

161,308 

1,580,805 

2,629,244 

436,259 

1,616,537 

315,267 

119.889 

129.930 

63,465 

246.478 

2,686,309 

266.956 

1,642.958 

5.047.838 

725.129 

385.825 

1,683,866 

326,144 

^5,882 


300 

747.282 

161.252 

1.050.928 

1,000.729 

736 

2.823.282 

1.530 


4.063,762 

1,622,245 

2,161,893 

16,003 

1,309,505 

4,524 

428.336 

8,152.300 

46,667 

358,686 

77,433 

2,771,042 

25,335,184 

18,608 

72,534 

870 

4,168,612 

145,063 

160,528 

412,326 

24,536 

94,032 

8,681 

109,425 

84,986 

884,221 

3,492,946 

6,617,112 

963,860 

745,715 

1.349,591 

2,562,281 

642,065 

2.674,042 

211.129 

128,270 

248,394 

227,632 

177,891 

3,984,966 

635,229 

1,581,531 

8.350,133 

729,518 

514,094 

1,335,923 

276,104 

191,771 


4,702 

499,511 

184,599 

1.171,438 

904,767 

2,040 

2,862.430 


$93,314,773      $96,663,369 


^Includes  output  of  a  gold  dredge  in  Stanislaus  County.      ^See  Merced. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


11 


CHAPTER  TWO. 


FUELS. 


Among  the  most  important  mineral  products  of  California  are  its 
fuels.  Tliis  subdivision  includes  coal,  natural  gas  and  petroleum,  the 
combined  values  of  which  make  up  approximately  50  per  cent  of  the 
state's  entire  mineral  industry.  Comparison  of  values  during  1914 
and  1915  is  shown  in  the  following  table : 


Substance 

19H 

1915 

Increa3e+ 
Decrease- 

Coal    

$28,806 

1,049,470 

47,487,109 

$26,662 

1,706,480 

43,503,837 

$2,141— 

Natural  gas     ... 

657,010+ 

Petroleum    

3,983,272— 

Totals 

s«48,565,385 

$45,236,979 

$3,328,406— 

COAL. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  VII,  XII,  XIII. 

Coal  has  been  produced  in  California  since  as  early  as  1860,  but  the 
quality  is  not  high,  most  of  it  being  lignite.  In  competition  with  fuel- 
oil,  coal  of  all  grades  has  had  to  give  w^ay,  and  the  low-grade  domestic 
product  has  suffered  severely.  Besides  the  counties  noted  below  as 
showing  a  commercial  production,  workable  bodies  of  coal  are  also 
known  in  Mendocino,  Shasta,  Siskiyou  and  Riverside  counties. 

During  1915,  there  was  a  production  reported  from  Amador,  Contra 
Costa  and  ]\Ionterey  counties,  totaling  10,299  tons,  worth  $26,662,  most 
of  it,  however,  coming  from  Amador  and  Monterey. 

Since  1887,  the  annual  output  of  coal  has  been  as  follows : 


Tear 


Tons 


Value 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


1887 I  50,000 

1888 '  95,000 

1889 121,280 

1890 110,711 

1891 93,301 

1892 I  85,178 

1893 :  72.603 

1894 59,887 

1895 79,858 

1896 70,649 

1897 87,449 

1898 143,045 

1899 160,941 

1900 176,956 

1901 150,724 

1902 88,460 


$150,000 
380,000 
288,232 
283,019 
204,902 
209,711 
167,555 
139,862 
193,790 
161,335 
196,255 
337,475 
420,109 
535,531 
401,772 
248,622 


1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


93,026 
79,062 
46,500 
24,850 
23,734 
18,496 
49,389 
11,033 
11,047 
14,484 
25,198 
11,859 
10,299 


$265,383 

376,494 

144,500 

61,600 

55,849 

55,503 

216,913 

23,484 

18,297 

39,092 

85,809 

28.806 

26,662 


Totals  2.065,019 


$5,716,562 


12  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

NATURAL  GAS. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  VII,  X,  XII.     Bulletins 
3,  16,  19,  69. 

Statistics  on  the  production  of  natural  gas  in  California  are  largely 
guesswork,  though  each  j^ear  becoming  less  so,  as  more  data  are  avail- 
able. The  figures  here  given  are  certainly  far  below  the  actual  produc- 
tion, particularly  in  the  six  oil-producing  counties.  It  is  an  exceptional 
oil  property  where  gas  in  some  quantity  does  not  occur.  Many  oil 
producing  concerns  make  no  mention  of  their  gas,  because  they  have 
no  method  of  measuring  it,  and  it  is  so  widely  used  in  the  oil  fields 
that  it  is  frequently  as  lightly  regarded  as  sunshine  or  fresh  air. 
Doubtless,  considerable  gas  is  Avasted,  but  a  sweeping  condemnation  of 
operators  should  not  be  indulged  in.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
several  of  our  important  oil  fields  are  removed  many  miles  from  the  site 
of  any  other  industry,  and  that  the  gathering  of  small  amounts  of  gas 
and  transporting  it  for  any  considerable  distance,  may  not  always  be 
profitable.  However,  it  is  undoubtedly  a  fact  that  greater  saving  can 
frequently  be  made  with  profit.  Gas  traps  of  various  size  and  design 
are  coming  into  more  frequent  use.  Some  large  operators  are  making 
commendable  efforts  to  conserve  the  gas  which  accompanies  oil  and  is 
richer  than  the  so-called  "dry  gas"  occurring  in  strata  which  do  not 
produce  oil.  As  far  as  possible,  casing-head  gas  is  used  in  driving  gas 
engines  for  pumping  and  drilling. 

It  will  be  noted  that  several  counties  produce  gas  which  is  not 
accompanied  by  oil. 

The  value  of  gas  as  here  shown  is  open  to  some  question,  but  is 
certainly  not  too  high.  The  average  price  is  about  6^  per  1,000  cubic 
feet.  Approximately  7,000  cu.  ft.  of  gas  is  equal  to  one  barrel  of 
oil  in  heating  value,  and  is  so  accounted  for  by  many  operators.  In 
driving  gas  engines,  about  4,000  cu.  ft.  per  24  hr.  are  consumed  by  a 
25  h.p.  engine,  which  figure  has  been  used  in  compiling  this  report. 

Natural   Gas,   1915. 


County 


M 

cubic  feet 


Value 


Fresno  2,894,834  !  $253,906 

Kern 12,163,461  737,638 

Kings— 258  608 

Los  Angeles  1,729,035  120,783 

Orange 1,243,301  81,753 

San  Joaquin 161,923  143,974 

Santa  Barbara 3,193,368  279,697 

Ventura 491,879  i  29,670 

Humboldt,  Sacramento  and  Solano* 114,833  '  58,451 


Totals    21,992,892        $1,706,480 

•Combined  to  conceal  an  individual  producer  in  each. 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


13 


The  annual  production  of  natural  gas  in  California  since  1888  is  as 
follows : 


Tear 

Value 

Tear 

Value 

1888    

$10,000 

19a3 

$74,237 

1889       - - 

12.680    1904 

33.000    1905 

30,000    inofi       ^      

91,035 

1890 

102.479 

1891      

109,489 

1892 

55,000 
68,500 
79.072 
112,000 
111,457 
62,657 
74.424 
95,000 
34,578 
92,034 
99,443 

1907    

114,759 

1893    

1908       .      .-- -. 

474,584 

1894 

1909    

616,932 

1895    

1910 

1911    . 

1,676,367 

1896 

491,859 

1897    

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915  ..   

940,076 

1898- 

1,053,292 

1899 

1,049,470 

1900 

1,706,480 

1901 

Total 

1902    

$9,470,904 

Gasoline   from    Natural   Gas. 

As  above  indicated,  more  or  less  gas  usually  accompanies  the  petrol- 
eum in  the  oil  fields.  A  number  of  plants  are  in  operation  manu- 
facturing gasoline  by  compression  from  this  "casinghead  gas."  This 
subject  was  investigated  recently  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  INIines  and  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  described  in  considerable  detail  by  G.  A. 
Burrell  et  al./  and  J.  D.  Northrup.-  A  valuable  article  also  appeared 
in  one  of  the  trade  journals.-'  Upon  the  enlargement  of  its  engineering 
force,  in  the  near  future,  the  Department  of  Petroleum  and  Gas,  of 
the  State  Mining  Bureau,  intends  to  conduct  a  more  detailed  investiga- 
tion of  natural  gas  production  with  the  idea  of  being  able  to  point  out 
means  of  more  economical  use  of  this  splendid  natural  resource. 

The  largest  natural  gas  field  of  commercial  importance  thus  far 
developed  in  California  is  in  the  IMidway  district,  followed  by  Santa 
Barbara,  Los  Angeles  and  Orange  counties,  in  the  order  named.  The 
Southern  California  Gas  Company  operates  a  12-inch  pipe  line  from 
the  Midway  field,  a  distance  of  107  miles,  to  Los  Angeles,  where  it 
supplies  gas  to  local  distributing  companies.  The  California  Natural 
Gas  Company  supplies  gas  to  consumers  in  the  Midway  field  and  to 
local  distributing  companies  at  Fellows,  Taft,  Maricopa  and  Baker.sfield. 
The  Santa  j\Iaria  Gas  and  Power  Company  distributes  gas  around  Santa 
Maria,  from  wells  in  the  neighboring  oil  fields. 


■U.  S.  Bur.  of  Mines,  Bull.  88. 

=U.  S.  G.  S.,  Min.  Res.  1914,  Pt.  II,  pp.  793-795;  798-800;  804-805. 

'Oil  &  Gas  Journal,  Tulsa,  Okla.,   Jan.   13,  1916,  p.   62. 


14  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

There  were  in  operation  in  1915  a  total  of  20  plants  making  casing- 
head  gasoline  by  compression,  with  a  total  daily  capacity  estimated  at 
38,175  gallons,  distributed  as  follows : 


™  . .  .  Number 

^«'<1  plants 


Gallons 
daily 


Coalinga I  1  '          1,450 

Fullerton  6  9,250 

Midway    1  2.000 

Santa  Maria 8  19.600 

Salt  Lake  (Los  Angeles) 3  3,575 

Ventura  1  2,300 


Totals    20  38,175 

At  Santa  Maria,  after  the  gasoline  is  extracted,  the  remaining  "dry 
gas"  is  taken  into  the  pipe  lines  of  the  Santa  ^Nlaria  Gas  and  Power 
Company,  by  whom  it  is  distributed  to  consumers,  both  domestic  and 
commercial. 

*"There  are  many  peculiarities  in  connection  with  the  extraction  of  gasoline 
from  gas  that  are  ascertained  only  through  the  closest  study.  The  percentage  of 
gasoline  taken  from  the  highest  grades  of  oil,  it  is  natural  to  infer,  is  much  greater 
than  that  taken  from  low  grades  of  oil,  and  yet  this  does  not  always  prove  to  be 
the  case.  Much  depends  upon  the  amount  of  oil  produced  with  the  relative  amount 
of  gas  coming  with  the  oil.  For  instance,  if  an  oil  well  is  a  small  producer  of  oil 
and  a  heavy  gasser,  the  percentage  of  gasoline  is  much  larger  than  it  w'ould  be 
from  the  same  amount  of  gas  coming  from  a  large  production  of  oil.  Old  wells  seem 
to  be  more  prolific  in  gasoline  than  new  wells. 

"Aside  from  the  Salt  Lake  field,  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  gas  coming  from 
low-grade  oil  has  proved  to  be  of  commercial  value.  This  is  especially  true  among 
new  producing  wells  where  the  oil  is  of  a  gravity  below  18  degrees. 

"It  is  stated  that  as  a  general  average  gas  coming  from  grades  of  oil  of  from 
22°-25°,  will  make  from  four  to  six  quarts  to  the  thousand  feet  of  gas ;  from 
25°-29°  it  will  average  from  two  to  three  gallons  per  thousand  feet,  and  above  29° 
it  will  average  from  three  to  five  gallons  per  thousand  feet. 

"The  richest  gas  so  far  discovered  in  the  state  is  that  found  in  the  old  Newhall 
field.     The  wells  are  all  very  old  and  small  producers  of  high-gravity  oil." 

PETROLEUM. 
Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Keports  IV,  VII,  X,  XII,  XIII. 
Bulletins  3,  11,  16,  19,  31,  32,  63,  69. 

Chief  of  the  fuels  of  California  is  petroleum.  A  complete  descrip- 
tion of  the  industry  is  to  be  found  in  Bulletin  69,  issued  in  1915  by  the 
State  Mining  Bureau. 

The  oil  production  for  California  for  1915,  as  determined  from  the 
sworn  statements  made  to  the  State  Mineralogist  for  the  Department 
of  Petroleum  and  Gas,  by  all  of  the  363  producers,  amounted  to  88,- 
240,620  barrels.  This  is  doubtless  the  most  accurate  tigure  that  has 
ever  been  obtained  and  it  is  of  public  interest  to  note  that  it  is  in  close 
agreement  with  the  figures  given  to  the  public  at  an  earlier  date  by 


•0.  &  G.  Journal,  loc.  cit. 


STATISTICS    OF    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  15 

two  private  concerns,  namely,  the  Standard  Oil  Company  and  the 
Independent  Oil  Producers  Agency.  Private  parties  publishing  such 
information  perform  a  distinct  public  service,  the  value  of  which  should 
be  more  generally  recognized,  and  encouragement  given  to  enlarge  its 
usefulness  by  touching  upon  the  quality  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  oil 
produced. 

Of  the  total  of  88,240,620  barrels,  33%,  or  29,587,163  barrels  was 
produced  by  the  five  large  refining  and  marketing  companies,  and 
16%,  or  13,704,982  barrels  was  produced  by  the  several  large  con- 
cerns, such  as  the  railroad  companies,  who  use  the  oil  in  their  own 
service.  The  remaining  51%,  or  44,948,475  barrels  is  credited  to  the 
smaller  producers  who  usually  soil  the  crude  oil  at  the  well.  To  the 
above  amount  we  have  added  2,906,000  barrels  consumed  for  fuel  at 
the  wells,  making  a  total  gross  output  of  91,146,620  barrels,  valued  at 
$43,503,837,  which  is  a  marked  decrease  both  in  quantity  and  value  as 
compared  with  the  year  1914.  The  average  price  per  barrel,  however, 
is  slightly  higher,  as  may  be  noted  by  the  table  giving  average  prices. 
The  major  portion  of  the  loss  is  due  to  the  decrease  of  over  10,000,000 
barrels  in  the  output  of  the  Midway-Sunset  field.  Several  causes  con- 
tributed to  the  decline,  among  which  may  be  mentioned :  Overproduction 
for  several  years  previous ;  the  closing  of  South  American  markets, 
temporarily,  as  a  result  of  the  European  war;  the  suits  instituted  and 
threatened  by  the  Federal  Government  against  operators  on  unpatented 
land ;  and  the  elimination  of  the  gusher  wells. 

Segregation  of  figures  by  counties  can  be  made  directly  from  field 
reports  in  all  cases  except  for  Los  Angeles  and  Orange  counties,  where 
the  fields  cross  county  lines.  Figures  on  price  are  open  to  some  ques- 
tion, as  it  must  be  remembered  that  a  large  portion  of  the  oil  does  not 
enter  the  open  market,  but  is  consumed  or  refined  directly  by  the  pro- 
ducers.    The  prices  given  are  averages  for  the  oil  which  is  actually  sold. 

The  business  of  producing  oil  is  not  so  profitable  as  it  should  be. 
Many  operators  continue  to  drill  wells  when  there  is  not  a  great  demand, 
and  overproduction,  of  course,  depresses  the  price.  Just  profits  and 
stable  conditions  are  more  nearly  assured  to  the  producer  who  is  able 
to  refine  and  retail  his  product.  Realization  of  this  fact  is  apt  to  lead 
to  the  formation  of  larger  and  stronger  business  units  in  the  future. 
Doubtless,  undue  obstacles  will  not  be  placed  in  the  way  of  such 
changes,  if  they  are  carried  out  with  reasonable  regard  to  public  wel- 
fare. The  fact  can  not  be  too  strongly  emphasized  that  our  oil 
resources  are  far  from  inexhaustible,  and  that  needless  production 
ha.stens  the  day  when  we  shall  stand  stripped  of  one  of  our  most  valu- 
able assets.  Raising  oil  from  the  crround  and  selling  it  at  a  price  too  low 
to  return  the  invested  capital  with  interest,  i.s  about  the  same  as  draw- 
ing gold  from  a  savings  account  and  disposing  of  it  at  a  discount.     As 


16 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


in  most  lines  of  human  endeavor,  some  operators  have  entered  the  oil 
business  with  more  thought  and  preparation  for  the  future  than  have 


others. 


Production  and  Value  of  Oil  by  Counties. 


^ 


ii 


County 


1914 


Barrels 


Value 


1915 


Barrels 


Value 


PresDO  15,952,190 

Kern 65,332,633 

Los  Angeles  3,558,690 

Orange 12,758,678 

Santa  Barbara  4,325,787 

Santa  Clara 10,000 

Ventura 943,929 


Totals   102,881,907 


$7,210,389 

26,721,046 

1,957,279 

8,612.108 

1,989,862 

5,300 

991,125 


14,021,025 
54,810,669 

2,931,098 
12,715,457 

5,634,534 
16,617 

1,017,220 


$7,641,459 

23,184,913 

1,843,661 

6,510,314 

3,442,700 

11,067 

869,723 


$47,487,109      91,146,620     $43,503,837 


Average  Price  of  Oil,  by  Counties,  in  Cents  per  Ba 

rrel. 

County 

1914. 

1915. 

Increase+ 
Decrease- 

Fresno 

45.2^ 

54.5« 
42.3(J 

9.3<f+ 

Kern  

40.9(f 

lA<t+ 

Los  Angeles  

Orange  

Santa  Barbara  ... 

Santa  Clara  

Ventura 

State  average 


55.0(f 
67.5<J 
46.0^ 
53.0<J 
105.0(f 


62.9^ 
51.2(5 
61.U 
66.6<J 
85.5^ 


7.9^+ 
16.3((— 
15.]^+ 
13.6^+ 
19.5^— 


46.1(t 


47.9(5 


1.8^+ 


The  annual  production  since  discovery  is  as  follows ; 


Year 


1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 


Barrels 


175,000 

12,000 

13,000 

15,227 

19,858 

40,552 

99,862 

128,636 

142,857 

262.000 

325,000 

377,145 

678,572 

690,333 

303,220 

307,360 

323,600 

385,049 

470,179 

783,078 

1,245,339 


Tear 


Barrels 


1897  1,911,569 

1898  2,249,088 

1899  2,677,875 

1900  4,319,950 

1901  7,710,315 

1902  i  14,356,910 

1903  .'- '  24,340,839 

1904  29,736,003 

1905  34,275,701 

1906  32,624,000 

1907  40,311,171 

1908  48,306,910 

1909  58,191,723 

1910  77,697,568 

1911  1 84,648,157 

1912        89,689,250 

1913  98,494,532 

1914     102,881,907 


1915 


Total 


1896  i  1,257,780 


91,146,620 


853,625,735 


STATISTICS   OP    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 

The  total  value  is  as  follows: 


17 


Year 

Value 

1887-1909    — — - _ 

$136,693,228 

1910 .            ... 

37,689,542 

1911 

40.552,088 

1912 — -_    ._ 

41,868,344 

1913 

48,578,014 

1914 

47,487,109 

1915 - 

43,503,837 

Total  

$396,372,165 

Production    by   Fields.' 
(In  barrels  of   42   Ral.) 


Field 


1914 


1915 


Iiiciease+ 
Decrease- 


Kern  River 7,030,545  !       8,034,974 

McKittrick  3,820,857  3,552,801 

Midway-Sunset  50,025,843  39,318,093 

Lost  Hills-Belridge 4,830,921  4,318,550 

Coalinga  15,925,887  13.548,159 

Loinpoc  and  Santa  Maria 4,303,080  4,536,840 

Ventura  County  and  Newhall 968,421  1,036,305 

Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake 2,504,475  2,110,133 

Whittior-Fullcrton    14,130,548  13,030,549 

Suinmerland 55,743  53,000 

Watsonville 27,375  27,375 

Totals  103,623,695  89,566,779 

Net  decrease 


1,004,429+ 

268,056— 

10,707,750— 

512,371— 

2,377,728— 

233,760+ 

67,884+ 

394,342— 

1,099,999— 

2,743— 


14.056,916— 


"Standard  Oil  Bulletin,  January,  1916. 

The  following  table  is  compiled  from  the  monthly  statements  of  the 
statistical  bureau  of  the  Independent  Oil  Producers  Agency : 


Well  Operations,  by  Months,  1915. 


Month 


Number 
completed 


Producing 


Active 


Idle 


Drilling 


Active 


Abandoned 


January 24  '  5,861  1,770 

February 1  32  i  5,783  1,854 

March    20  i  5,813  1,842 

April j  3,3  i  5,884  1,783 

May    41  5,943  1,718 

June  30  1  6,049  1,631 

July    36  6,083  1,608 

August   23  6,153  1,549 

September    !  31  6,109  1,618 

October   20  6,159  1,598 

November •  20  6,149  1,622 

December    24  6,196  1.595 

Totals,   1915 334 

Totals,   1914 438   

Monthly  av..  1915 28  6,015  1,682 

Monthly  av.,  1914 37  5,867  1,583 


136 
128 
136 
138 
138 
134 
143 
150 
148 
152 
161 
172 


145 
222 


22 
21 

9 
11 
38 
18 
19 
13 

3 

6 
12 

4 


176 
129 

15 
11 


18 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


The  followins:  table  is  compiled  from  the  monthly  statements  con- 
tained in  the  Standard  Oil  Bulletin : 


Well  Operations,  by 

Fields,  1915. 

Field 

ProduolnE. 
Dec.  1914 

Produclnc. 
Dec.  1915 

Increa3e+ 
Decrease- 

Completed 

Abandoned 

Krrn  TJivor  .. .    _. 

1,385 

251 
1.376 
240 
815 
235 
442 
687 
568 
102 
5 

1,684          299+ 
276           25+ 

1,418            42+ 
248             8+ 
804            11- 
237             2+ 
444             2+ 
691              4+ 
613            45+ 
112            10+ 
5    

11 

2 

125 

15 

14 

6 

11 

MeKittriok  

Midwnv-Siinsot     _  . 

4 
11 

Lost  Hills-Belridge 

Coalinpa     _ -_    .      _ 

5 
8 

Santa  IMaria-Lompoc 

3 

Ventura  County  and  Newhall 

Los  Angolos  and  Salt  Lake 

Whittior-Fnllerton .  . 

1 

Sninmei'land        _  _      _      _    _      _  _ 

Watsonville   

Totals 

6,106 

6,532 

426+ 

184 

32 

The  proportion  of  heavy  and  light  oil  produced  in  the  various  fields 
is  shown  by  the  following  figures,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  the 
Standard  Oil  Company.  Oil  below  18°  Baume  may  be  considered  as 
largely  unrefinable,  or  fuel,  oil ;  while  the  lighter  oils  yield  varying 
amounts  of  refined  products  and  a  very  large  proportion  of  residuum 
or  fuel  oil.  A  very  few  years  ago,  the  total  amount  of  heavy  oil  was  in 
excess  of  the  light  oil. 

Production   of  Ligiit  and   Heavy  Oil   by  Fields. 


Field 


Under  18°, 
barrels 


18°  and 

over. 

barrels 


Kern  River  

MoKittrick  

Midway-Snnsot  

Lost  Hllls-Belridge 

Coalinga   

Lompoc  and  Santa  Maria 

Ventura  County  and  NewhalL 


8,034,974 
3,552,801 
10.363,414  I 
11,133  I 
5,968,295 
699,740 
101,397 
Los  Angeles  and  Salt  Lake 1,979.938 


Whittier-Fullerton 

Summerland   

Watsonville    


373,279 
53,000 


28,9.54 

4.307, 

7.579, 

3.837, 

934 

130. 

12,657, 


679 
417 
8&4 
100 
908 
195 
270 


27,375 


Totals, 
barrels 


a 

3, 
39 

4, 
13, 

4, 

1 

2, 
13. 


034,974 
552,801 
318,093 
318,550 
548,159 
536,840 
a36,305 
110.133 
030,549 
53,000 
27,375 


Totals  31,137,971  ,    58,428,808  ,    89.566.779 


Financial    Results. 

Financial  results  of  the  oil  business  during  ,1915  are  shown  by  the 
following  tables.  The  variations  there  indicated  in  the  re.sults,  as 
differing  from  those  of  1913  and  1914  (see  Bulletins  Nos.  69  and  70) 
are  probably  due  to  the  larger  number  of  wells  shut  in  and  the  decrease 
in  new  development  work,  as  a  consequence  of  the  unfavorable  market 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


19 


conditions  in  the  first  half  of  the  year.  Shut-in  production,  chiefly  in 
the  Coalinga  field,  was  estimated  at  the  end  of  the  year  at  12,000  barrels 
daily.  The  profitable,  or  dividend-paying  companies  received  a  slightly 
higher  figure  for  their  product  than  the  average  market  price,  probably 
due  to  the  higher  grade  of  oil  produced  by  them.  It  is  also  noticeable 
that  their  production  cost  per  barrel  is  usually  lower  than  the  average, 
due  to  the  fact  that  their  wells  are  more  productive.  Operating  cost  per 
well  is  not  always  lower  for  the  dividend  companies  than  others.  Profit- 
able operations  seem  to  depend  generally  upon  large  wells,  high-grade 
oil,  and  proximity  to  market.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  un- 
natural causes  or  manipulations  have  affected  the  profits  of  one  pro- 
ducer against  another.  It  should  be  particularly  noted  that  both  price 
and  profits  are  greater  in  the  Los  Angeles  and  Orange  County  fields 
than  in  others.  Doubtless  this  is  largely  due  to  the  proximity  to 
market. 

There  is  a  large  supply  of  oil  still  in  storage  which,  in  many  cases, 
might  better  be  left  in  the  ground  and  not  subjected  to  losses  by  fire, 
leakage  and  evaporation  as  well  as  cost  of  storage.  According  to  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  the  stocks  on  hand  on  Dec.  31,  1915,  amounted 
to  57,147,051  barrels,  a  decrease  from  the  58,526,274  barrels  on  hand 
Dec.  31,  1914.  The  figures  are  practically  the  same  as  those  of  the 
Independent  Oil  Producers  Agency.  The  oft-repeated  statement  that 
this  is  less  than  a  year's  supply  is  of  little  moment  in  the  face  of  a 
steady  production  which  can  supply  the  regular  demand.  It  would  be 
extremely  interesting  to  know  what  portion  of  the  stock  on  hand  is 
low-grade  oil.  In  view  of  the  difference  in  value  and  marketableness 
of  various  grades  of  oil,  the  concerns  publishing  monthly  statistics 
would  render  to  the  public  and  themselves  a  distinct  service  by  showing 
something  of  the  amounts  of  high  and  low  gravity  oil  produced  and 
stored. 

Financial   and   Operating   Condition   of   California   Oil    Fields,    1915. 


Field 


Numberof       l^\^^^l 

companies  !     produft 

of  field 


considered  i 


Capital 


Cash 


Property 


Coalinga 

Kcin   River  

Midway  

Sun.set   

McKittrick.  Lost  Hills-Belridgo 

Santa  Maria,  Lompoc,  Summerland. 

Ventura    

Los  Angeles  and  Orange 

Subtotals    

Miscellaneous  and  marketing 

Totals   


39 

27 

$5,528,920 

$33,004,906 

39 

26 

2.666,939 

3,484,445 

60 

26 

4,247,021 

16,389,609 

17 

25 

746,424 

4,593,113 

18 

50 

722,143 

9,652,569 

9 

20 

2,448,283 

631.385 

20 

62 

1,107,138 

2,426,907 

19 

23 

3,166,541 

6,509,724 

221    $20,633,409      $76,69.5,658 

15    63,991,364        31,485,032 

236   $84,624,773     $108,180,690 


2t) 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


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STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


21 


Proved   Oil    Land. 

The  present  extent  of  proved  oil  land  in  California  has  been  deter- 
mined recently  by  the  State  IMining  Bureau  in  the  most  accurate  and 
detailed  study  ever  given  to  the  subject.  The  total  is  126  square  miles, 
or  80,702  acres,  of  which  55,842  acres  are  in  Kern  County  alone. 
Fresno  County  is  second  on  the  list  with  12,218  acres,  and  Santa  Barbara 
County  third  with  6,030  acres.  The  other  counties  in  order  of  their 
rank  are  Orange,  Los  Angeles,  Ventura,  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  Santa 
Clara.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the  total  area  of  proved  oil  land  is 
most  insignificant  in  comparison  with  the  area  of  the  entire  state, 
being  less  than  one  one-thousandth  part,  and  yet  the  oil  business  is  one  of 
the  state's  most  important  industries. 

Estimates  of  the  total  amount  of  oil  which  can  be  recovered  from  the 
land  are  little  better  than  pure  guesses  but  it  does  seem  most  probable 
tliat  the  average  acre  will  ultimately  yield  much  less  than  fifty  thou- 
sand barrels. 

The  areas  of  the  various  fields  are  as  follows : 


By  counties 


Acres 


By  fields 


Acres 


Fresno   12,218 

Kern    55,842 

Santa  Barbara 6,030 

Ventura 749 

Los  Angeles  2,326 

Orange  3,305 

San  Luis  Obispo 202 

Santa  Clara  30 


80,702 


Ooalinga    

Lost  Hills-Belridge  

McKittrick    

Sunset-Midway    

Kern  River  

Santa  Maria  and  Lompoc 

Summerland  i 

Ventura  

S;ilt  Lake 

Newhall   | 

Los  Angeles  City 

Whittier-Fullerton  

Arroyo  Grande 

Sargent  


12,218 

3.115 

1,086 

44,839 

6,974 

5,900 

130 

749 

949 

117 

380 

4,185 

30 

30 

80,702 


22 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER  THREE. 


METALS. 

The  total  value  of  metals  produced  in  California  during  1915  was 
$34,577,214.  The  chief  of  these  is,  and  always  has  been,  gold,  followed 
in  order  in  1915  by  copper,  zinc,  quicksilver,  tungsten,  silver,  lead, 
manganese,  antimony,  platinum  and  iron.  Deposits  of  ores  of  molj'bde- 
num,  nickel  and  vanadium  are  also  to  be  found  in  the  state,  although 
for  1915  there  was  no  commercial  output  of  these  materials. 

California  leads  all  states  in  the  Union  in  her  gold  production  and 
the  precious  metal  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  state.  Thirty 
of  the  fifty-eight  counties  contain  actively  operated  gold  mines  or 
dredges. 

Copper,  which  is  second  in  importance  among  the  metals  of  the  state, 
occurs  in  the  following  general  districts:  the  Shasta  County  belt,  which 
is  by  far  the  most  important ;  the  Coast  Range  deposits,  extending  more 
or  less  continuously  from  Del  Norte  in  the  north  to  San  Luis  Obispo 
County  in  the  south ;  the  Sierra  Nevada  foothill  belt,  starting  in 
Plumas  and  running  in  a  general  southerly  direction  through  the 
Mother  Lode  counties  and  ending  in  Kern;  the  eastern  belt  in  Mono 
and  Inyo  counties ;  and  the  southern  belt,  in  San  Bernardino,  Riverside, 
and  San  Diego  counties. 

Silver  is  not  generally  found  alone  in  the  state,  but  is  associated  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent  with  gold,  copper,  lead,  and  zinc.  Quicksilver 
has  for  many  years  been  one  of  the  state's  staple  products  and  Cali- 
fornia supplies  about  80  per  cent  of  the  nation's  output  of  this  metal. 

Tungsten  is  found  in  but  few  other  localities  of  importance. 

Large  deposits  of  iron  ore  have  long  been  known  in  many  sections  of 
the  state,  but  for  various  economic  reasons  this  branch  of  the  mineral 
industry  is  still  in  its  infancy  here. 

A  comparison  of  the  metal  output  with  that  of  1914  is  afforded  by 
the  following  table : 


liiO      XVXiVYVJ 

"5 

1914 

1915 

Increase+ 

Metal 

Amount 

Value 

Amount 

Value 

Decrease- 
Value 

Antimony   ore.. 

Copper  

Gold  

Iron  ore  

Lead 

Manganese   ore. 

Platinum    

Quicksilver  

Silver    

Tungsten  cone.. 
Zinc    


Totals 

Net  increase 


30,491,535  lbs. 


1,436  tons 
4,697,400  lbs. 
150  tons 
463  oz. 
11,373  flsks. 


375  tons 
399,641  lbs. 


84,055,375 

20,653,496 

5,128 

183,198 

1,500 

14,816 

557,846 

813.938 

180,575 

20.381 


510  tons 
40.968.966  lbs. 


724  tons 
4,796,299  lbs. 
4,013  tons 

667  oz. 
14,199  flsks. 


$26,486,253 


962  tons 
13,043,411  lbs. 


$35,666 

7,169,567 

22,442,296 

2,584 

225,426 

49,098 

21,149 

1.157,449 

851,129 

1,005,467 

1,617.383 


$35,666+ 

3,114,192-1- 

1.788,800-f- 

2,544— 

42,228-f- 

47,598-1- 

6,333+ 

599,603+ 

37,191+ 

824,892+ 

1,597,002+ 


$34,577,214 


$8,090,961+ 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


23 


ALUMINUM. 
Bihliography :  Bulletin  38. 
No   deposits   of   pure   bauxite   have   been   discovered   in   the  state, 
although  from  time  to  time  small  quantities  of  the  impure  material  have 
been  the  foundation  of  extravagant  reports  regarding  such  discoveries. 


ANTIMONY. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII.     Bulletin  38. 

Antimony  is  known  to  exist  in  a  number  of  places  in  California, 
having  been  reported  from  Kern,  Inyo,  Riverside,  San  Benito,  and 
Santa  Clara  counties.  The  Kern  County  deposits,  some  of  which  carry 
metallic  antimony,  are  possibly  the  best  known,  and  efforts  were  made 
to  work  some  of  them  before  California  was  a  part  of  the  United  States. 
The  commonest  occurrence  is  in  the  form  of  the  sulphide,  stibnite.  No 
continuous  production,  however,  has  been  maintained,  the  output  for 
1915  being  the  first  reported  since  1901. 

From  the  low  point  of  5.44^5  to  7.11^  per  pound,  according  to  brand 
in  July,  1914,  the  price  of  antimony  rose  gradually,  though  not  steadily 
to  40^  at  the  end  of  1915.  American  antimony,  for  the  first  time  iu 
many  years,  appeared  on  the  market  in  competition  with  the  Chinese 
and  Japanese  product.  From  $1.00  to  $2.10  per  unit  was  paid  for  ore, 
and  at  first  a  minimum  of  50%  accepted;  but,  later,  some  lower  grade 
ore  was  smelted. 

During  1915  in  California  there  was  mined  and  sold  a  total  of  510 
tons  of  antimony  ore,  valued  at  $35,666,  by  five  producers  in  Kern 
County  and  one  each  from  Inyo  and  San  Benito  counties.  The  Wild 
Rose  mine  in  Inyo  County  made  the  largest  individual  output. 

The  production  by  years  since  1887  has  been  as  follows: 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


Year 


Tons 


1887 
1888 

1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 


75 

$15,500 

100 

20,000 

50 

2,250 

150 

6,000 

33 

1,485 

17 

2,320 

20 

3.500 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1915 

Totals 


40 
75 
70 

50 
510 


1,190 


Value 


$1,200 

13,500 

5,700 

8,350 

35,666 


$115,471 


COPPER. 

Bihliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  VII,  XIII.     Bulletins  23 
and  50. 

Copper  is  one  of  the  staple  mineral  products  of  the  state,  being  pro- 
duced chiefly  in  Shasta  County,  with  smaller  amounts  coming  from 
Calaveras,  Placer  and  Plumas  counties.     In  1915,  some  yield  in  greater 


24 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


or  less  amount,  was  reported  from  a  total  of  25  counties.  The  total 
production  for  the  year  was  40,968,960  pounds,  valued  at  $7,169,567 ; 
which  is  an  increase  in  both  amount  and  value  over  the  previous  year. 
The  European  war  caused  a  decrease  in  copper  mining  for  a  short  time, 
but  followed  by  renewed  activity.  The  same  cause  has  also  raised  the 
price  from  the  1914  average  of  13.3^  to  17.5^  per  pound  for  1915,  the 
closing  December  figure  being  23.5^,  and  still  rising. 

Further  efforts  have  been  made  during  the  past  year  in  the  improve- 
ment of  method  of  handling  the  smelter  smoke.  Flotation  concentration 
is  being  successfully  employed  by  the  Engels  Copper  Company  in  Plu- 
mas County,  and  by  the  Calaveras  Copper  Company  in  Calaveras 
County. 

Distribution  of  the  output,  by  counties,  for  1915,  was  as  follows : 


County 


Founds 


Value 


Amador  [  4,185 

Butte    '  11 

Calaveras 4,031,149 

El  Dorado  417 

rresno  65,903 

Glenn    ,  746 

Imperial  !  65 

Inyo 154,722 

Kern    1.047 

Madera    40,294 

Mariposa   38,630 

Nevada    1.817 

Orange  4 

Plumas    3,164,496 

Riverside   23,825 

San  Bernardino 209,440 

San  Diego  3,008 

Shasta  30.828,917 

Tuolumne 27,667 

Humboldt,  Lake,  Placer,  Siskiyou,  Trinity* 2,372,623 

Totals    40,968,966 


$732 

2 

705,451 

73 

11,533 

131 

11 

27,076 

183 

7,051 

6,760 

318 

1 

553,787 

4,169 

36,652 

526 

5,395,060 

4,842 

415,209 


$7,169,567 


•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  individual  mines  in  each. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


25 


Amount  and  value  of  copper  production  in  California  annually  since 
such  records  have  been  compiled  by  the  State  ^Mining  Bureau  is  given 
in  the  following  tabulation: 


Year 


Pounds 


1887 I  1,600,000 

1888 1,570,021 

1889 151,505 

1890 23,347 

1891 3,397,455 

J892 - 2,980,944 

1893 239,682 

1894 - 738,594 

1895 225,650 

1896 1,992,844 

1897  -. 13,638,626 

1898  - I  21,543,229 

1899 23,915,486 

1900 29.515,512 

1901 34.931,788 

1902 27,860,162 


Value 


$192,000 
235,303 

18,180 

3,502 

424.675 

342,808 

21,571 

72,486 

21,901 

199.519 

1,540.666 

2,475,168 

3,990.534 

4,748.242 

5.501,782 

3,239,975 


Tear 


Pounds 


Value 


1903 '  19,113,861  $2,520,997 

1904 29,974,154  3,969,995 

1905 16,997,489  2.6.50.605 

1906 '  28,726,448  5.522,712 

1907 32,602,945  6,341,387 

1908 40,868.772  5,350,777 

1909 65,727,736  8,478,142 

1910 53,721,032  6,680,641 

1911 '  36,838,024  4.604,753 

1912 34,169,997  5,638.049 

1913 I  34,471.118  5,343.023 

1914 •  30,491,5.35  4.05.5,375 

1915 i  40,968,966  7,169,.567 

Totals  628,996,922  $91,354,335 


GOLD. 

Bihliography :  All  State  Mineralogist  Reports.  Bulletins  36,  45, 
57. 

Gold  is  one  of  the  most  important  mineral  products  of  California, 
and  its  early  discovery  undoubtedly  "was  the  prime  cause  of  the  rapid 
development  of  the  state.  There  is  a  marked  tendency  toward 
increased  activity  in  gold  mining,  as  investors  realize  that  many  of  the 
mines  and  prospects  have  not  been  exhausted.  It  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary that  owners  of  prospects  and  small  mines,  who  wish  to  dispose  of 
their  property  or  see  it  developed,  should  realize  that  most  large  invest- 
ments of  that  sort  are  made  only  after  thorough  investigation.  Fre- 
quently, demands  for  large  cash  payments  have  turned  away  capitalists 
who  Avould  otherwise  have  been  willing  to  risk  an  equal  amount  in 
development  work.  Increased  activity  is  noted  in  practically  all  of  the 
gold  districts. 

The  State  IMining  Bureau  has  never  independently  collected  statistics 
of  gold,  platinum  and  silver  production,  as  there  is  no  necessity  for 
duplicating  the  very  thoroughly  organized  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  covering  those  metals.  The  data  here  given  relative  to  these 
three  metals  has  been  received  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Charles  G. 
Yale,  Statistician  in  charge  of  the  San  Francisco  branch  office  of  the 
Division  of  IMineral  Resources.  Anyone  wishing  fuller  details  of  the 
production  of  these  metals  may  obtain  the  same  by  applying  to  the 


26  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C,  or  to  Room  305,  U.  S. 
Custom  House,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  for  a  copy  of  the  "separate"  on 
the  subject. 

"There  was  a  decrease  in  California  in  1915  in  the  number  of  productive  mines, 
but  an  increase  in  yield  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  zinc.  *  *  *  Jq  1915 
there  were  G08  properties  reporting  production,  of  which  321  were  "deep"  (vein) 
mines  and  287  were  placers.  The  producing  deep  mines  of  1915  may  be  classified 
by  metallic  product  as  follows:  Gold,  237;  copper,  43;  silver,  11;  silver-lead,  3; 
lead,  21 ;  and  zinc,  G.  Of  the  placer  mines,  9G  were  hj'draulic ;  58  were  dredge ;  61 
were  drift ;  and  73  were  surface  or  sluicing.     *     *     * 

"The  siliceous  ore  yielded  an  average  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver  of  $5.G8 ;  the 
copper  ore,  $1.71 ;  the  silver  ore,  $63.77 ;  the  lead  ore,  $6.85 ;  the  silver-lead  ore, 
$64.32 ;  and  the  zinc  ore,  $3.09.  The  average  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver  from  all 
ores  treated  in  the  state  in  1915  was  $4.89. 

"The  3,002,779  tons  of  ore  of  all  clas.ses  treated  in  California  in  1915  yielded 
669,204.22  fine  ounces  of  gold,  valued  at  $13,833,679 ;  1,640,888  fine  ounces  of  silver, 
valued  at  $831,930 ;  40,751,625  pounds  of  copper,  valued  at  $7,131,534  ;  4,579,245 
pounds  of  lead,  valued  at  $215,225 ;  and  13,094,032  pounds  of  zinc,  valued  at 
$1,023,660. 


"The  total  production  of  gold  in  California  in  1915  was  1,085,646.05  fine  ounces, 
valued  at  $22,442,296,  as  compared  with  999,112.85  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $20,653,496 
in  1914,  *  *  *  oj.  8.66%  increase  for  1915.  *  *  *  Of  the  deep  mine  gold, 
644,044.19  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $13,313,575  was  derived  from  siliceous  ores ; 
23,797.60  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $491,940,  was  derived  from  copper  ore ;  1,110.26  fine 
ounces,  valued  at  $22,951,  from  lead  ore ;  95.98  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $1,984,  from 
silver  ore;  29.21  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $604,  from  silver-lead  ores;  and  126.98  fine 
ounces,  valued  at  $2,625,  from  zinc  ores. 

"The  placer  yield  of  gold  in  1915  was  416,441.83  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $8,608,617. 
Of  this,  $420,770  was  derived  from  96  hydraulic  mines ;  $7,796,465  from  58  dredges ; 
$272,955  from  61  drift  mines;  and  $118,427  from  72  surface  or  sluicing  mines.  The 
placer  mines  produced  38.36%  of  the  total  gold  yield  for  1915,  and  the  deep  mines 
61.64%  as  compared  with  43.97%  for  the  placers  and  56.03%  for  the  deep  mines  in 
1914.  The  dredges  produced  34.74%  of  the  total  gold  yield  from  all  sources  in  1915, 
and  90.57%  of  the  total  placer  gold.  The  hydraulic  mines  produced  4.89%  of  the 
total  placer  gold  for  the  year. 

"The  largest  production  of  gold  in  California  in  1915  came  from  Amador  County. 
The  leading  hydraulic  mining  county  was  Siskiyou  ;  the  greatest  producer  of  gold 
from  drift  mines  was  Placer ;  the  largest  producer  of  gold  from  dredges  was  Yuba  ; 
and  the  largest  producer  from  surface  or  sluicing  mines  was  Butte.  The  largest 
increase  in  total  yield  of  gold  in  1915,  as  compared  with  1914.  was  in  Amador,  an 
increase  of  $812,123";  followed  by  Keru.  El  Dorado  and  Mariposa  in  the  order 
named,  each  with  an  increase  in  excess  of  a  quarter  of  a  million. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


27 


The   gold   production   of   California   for   1915   was   distributed,   by 
counties,  as  follows : 


County 


Value 


Amador  '  $3,894,125 


County 


Value 


Butte 

Calaveras 

Del  Norte 

El  Dorado  

Fresno   

Humboldt 

Imperial 

Inyo — 

Kern    

Lake,  Merced  and  Stanislaus*; 

Madera , 

iSIariposa   ! 

Modoc 

Mono  


1,545.976 

1.391.134 

1,018 

401,288 

4.151 

15.947 

14.369 

317.905 

9a3,319 

274.435 

11.214 

385.577 

7.557 

107,302 


Nevada $3,466,722 


Placer    

Plumas 

Riverside   

Sacramento    

San  Bernardino 
San  Diego  


414,319 
167,440 
10,769 
2.131,813 
416,967 
1.3&4 
Shasta   \     1.120,848 


Sierra  

Siskiyou   _ 
Trinity    .. 
Tuolumne 
ilYuba  


726,362 

426,716 

441,846 

1,058,103 

2.703,710 


Total $22,442,296 


•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  property  in  each. 


Total    Gold    Production    of   California. 


The  following  table  was  compiled  by  Chas.  G.  Yale,  of  the  Division 
of  Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  but  for  a  number  of 
years  statistician  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau  and  the  U.  S. 
Mint  at  San  Francisco.  The  authorities  chosen  for  certain  periods 
were :  J.  D.  "Whitney,  state  geologist  of  California ;  John  Arthur 
Phillips,  author  of  "Mining  and  Metallurgy  of  Gold  and  Silver" 
(1867);  U.  S.  Mining  Commissioner  R.  W.  Raymond;  U.  S.  Mining 
Commissioner  J.  Ross  Browne ;  Wm.  P.  Blake,  Commissioner  from  Cali- 
fornia to  the  Paris  Exposition,  where  he  made  a  report  on  "Precious 
]\[etals"  (1867)  ;  John  J.  Valentine,  author  for  many  years  of  the 
annual  report  on  precious  metals  published  by  Wells  Fargo  &  Com- 
pany's Express ;  and  Louis  A.  Garnett,  in  the  early  days  manager  of  the 
San  Francisco  refinery,  where  records  of  gold  receipts  and  ship- 
ments were  kept.  Mr.  Yale  obtained  other  data  from  the  reports  of 
the  director  of  the  U.  S.  INlint  and  the  director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Surve3^     The  authorities  referred  to,  who  were  alive  at  the  time  of 


28 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 


the  original  compilation  of  this  table  in  1894,  were  all  consulted  in 
person  or  by  letter  by  Mr.  Yale  with  reference  to  the  correctness  of 
their  published  data,  and  the  final  table  quoted  was  then  made  up. 
The  figures  of  the  last  eleven  years  are  those  prepared  by  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey : 


Tear 


Value 


Year 


Value 


1848  — 

1849  ... 

1850  ... 

1851  ... 

1852  ... 

1853  ... 

1854  ... 

1855  .-. 

1856  ... 

1857  ... 

1858  ... 

1859  ... 

1860  ... 

1861  ... 

1862  ... 

1863  ... 

1864  ... 

1865  ... 

1866  ... 

1867  ... 

1868  ... 

1869  ... 

1870  ... 

1871  ... 

1872  ... 

1873  _._ 

1874  ... 

1875  ... 

1876  ... 

1877  ... 

1878  ... 

1879  ... 

1880  ... 

1881  .... 

1882  ... 


$245,301 
10,151,360 
41,273,106 
75,938,232  i 
81,294.700 
67,613,487 
69,433,931 
55.485,395 
57.509,411 
43,628,172 
46,591.140 
45,846.599 
44,095,163 
41,884,995 
38,854,668 
23,501,736 
24,071,423 
17,930,858 
17,123,867 
18,265,452 
17,555.867 
18,229,044 
17,458.133 
17,477,885 
15,482.194 
15,019,210 
17.264,a36 
16,876,009 
15,610,723 
16,.501.268 
18.839,141 
19,626,654 
20,030,761 
19,223,155 
17,146.416 


1883   '  $24,316,873 

1884   13,600,000 

1885  12,661,044 

1886  14,716,506 

1887   13,588,614 

1888   12,750.000 

1889  11,212,913 

1890   12,309,793 

1891    12,728,869 

1892   12,571,900 

1893   12.422,811 

1894   13,923,281 

1895   1,5.334,317 

1896  17,181,562 

1897  15.871,401 

1898  15,906,478 

1899  15,336,0.31 

1900  15.86.3.355 

1901  16,989,044 

1902  :  16,910,320 

1903  16,471.264 

1904  19,109,600 

1905  19,197,043 

1906  18,7.32,452 

1907  16.727.928 

1908  18,761.5.59 

1909  20,237,870 

1910  19,715,440 

1911    19,738,908 

1912  19.713,478 

1913      20,406.9.^8 

1914     20,653,496 

1915  22,442,296 

Total  .....' $1,631,183,696 


IRIDIUM  (see  under  Platinum). 
IRON  ORE. 

Bihliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  II,  IV,  V,  X,  XII,  XIII. 
Bulletin  38. 
Iron  ore  to  the  extent  of  724  tons,  valued  at  $2,584,  was  produced  in 
California  during  the  year  1915.     It  was  utilized  in  the  production  of 
ferro-manganeso  and  ferro-chrome  by  electric  furnace  reduction. 

There  are  con.siderable  deposits  of  iron  ore  known  in  California, 
notably  in  Shasta,  Madera  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  but  production 
has  never  amounted  to  much,  on  account  of  our  having  no  economic 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


29 


supply  of  coking  coal.  Developments  along  the  line  of  electrical  smelt- 
ing, or  discoveries  making  valuable  our  petroleum  fuel,  would  lead  to 
considerable  increase  of  iron  mining  in  California. 

Total  iron  ore   production  in  the  state,   with  annual  amounts  and 
values,  is  as  follows: 


Tear 

Tons 

Value 

Year 

Tons 

Value 

1893         .-- 

250 
200 
400 
108 
579 
558 

$2,000  ' 
1,500 
40O 
174 
900 
558 

1912     

1913    

1914    

1915    

2,508 

2,343 

1,436 

724 

$2,508 

1894    

4,485 

1907    

5,128 

1909                                

2,584 

iQirk 

Totals  — 

1911         

9,106 

$20,287 

LEAD, 
Bihliograpliy:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  IV,  VIII,  X. 

Lead  was  produced  during  1915,  to  the  extent  of  4,796,299  pounds, 
which  at  4.7^  per  pound  was  valued  at  $225,426,  being  an  increase  both 
in  amount  and  value  as  compared  to  the  previous  year.  The  principal 
yield  comes  from  Inyo  County,  followed  by  Shasta,  San  Bernardino 
and  Kern  in  the  order  named.  The  ores  are  mined  and  shipped  to 
smelters.  On  account  of  the  European  war,  the  price  increased  from 
the  3.9^  per  pound  average  of  1914,  to  4.7^  as  noted  above. 

County  returns  for  1915,  showing  amounts  and  values,  were : 


County 

rounds 

1 

Value       1                       County 

Pounds 

Value 

Amador 

523 

90 

163 

1,323,639 

84,371 

690 

1,567 

364 

711 

$25 
4 

8 

UiA'orside .  . 

1 
32,072  !        $1,507 

Butte  

Calaveras 

San  Be^-nardino 

San  Diego  

169,183             7,952 
23                   1 

Inyo 

203,211 

Shasta    

180,936 

188 

1,779 

8,504 

Kern 

3,965 
32 
74 
17 
33 

Siskivou         _    -_ 

9 

Merced                      

Tuolninnc   ..  ..  . 

84 

Nevada  

1         Totals    

Placer 

4,796,299  .     $225,426 

30 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


Statistics  on  lead  production  in  California  were  first  compiled  by  this 
Bureau  in  1887.  Amount  and  value  of  the  output,  annually,  with  total 
figures,  to  date,  are  given  in  the  following  table : 


Year 


Tons 


1887 580 

1888 450 

1889 470 

1890 400 

1891  570 

1892 {  680 

1893 i  333 

1894 i  475 

1895 I  796 

1896 !  646 

1897 1  298 

1898 328 

1899 360 

1900 520 

1901  360 

1902 175 


Value 


Year 


$52,200 
38,250 
35,720 
36,000 
49,020 
54,400 
24,975 
28.500 
49.364 
38,805 
20,264 
23,907 
30,642 
41,600 
28,820 
12,230 


1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


Tons 

Value 

55 

$3,960 

62 

5,270 

266 

25,083 

169 

19,307 

164 

16,690 

562 

46,663 

1,343 

144,897 

1,508 

134,082 

701 

63,173 

685 

61,653 

1,820 

160,202 

2,349 

183.198 

2,398 

225,426 

Totals  19,523   $1,654,301 


ii 


MANGANESE. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII.     Bulletins 
38,  67 ;  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Bull.  427. 

In  the  statistical  reports  of  1913  and  1914,  manganese  ore  wa.s  in- 
eluded  in  the  "industrial  materials"  list.  We  have  this  year  made  a 
transfer,  and  now  place  it  under  "metals,"  because  by  far  the  greater 
tonnage  of  manganese  ore  is  utilized  in  the  preparation  of  ferro- 
manganese  and  employed  in  the  steel  industry  for  its  metal  content. 
Though  its  other  uses  may  be  classed  as  "chemical,"  the  tonnage  thus 
consumed  is  relatively  smaller.  Its  chemical  uses  are  as  a  decolorizer  or 
oxidizer  in  glass  manufacture,  and  as  a  constituent  in  electric  dry 
batteries.  The  chemical  uses  require  a  much  higher  grade  of  ore  than 
the  steel  industry.  For  steel  purposes,  an  iron  content  is  acceptable, 
but  manganese  should  exceed  40%.  Silica  should  be  under  8%,  though 
higher  has  been  taken  during  the  present  scarcity  of  foreign  supplies. 
Phosphorus  should  be  under  0.20%.  For  electric  dry  cells,  the  iron  con- 
tent should  be  under  1.5%,  ¥eS)^,  and  SiO.  under  6%.  For  glass 
making,  the  manganese  should  be  practically  free  of  iron. 

The  bulk  of  the  1915  product  was  utilized  in  California  in  making 
ferro-manganese  by  electric  furnace,  though  some  of  the  year's  output 
was  sent  east.  Some  "chemical"  ore  was  shipped  in  1915  from 
]\Tendocino  County,  and  shipments  are  also  at  present  being  made  from 
a  mine  in  San  Bernardino  County.  For  manj^  years  the  principal  pro- 
ducing section  has  been  the  Livermore-Tesla  district,  in  Alameda  and 
San  Joaquin  counties,  although  exceeded  in  1915  by  Mendocino.  Manga- 
nese is  reported  to  exist  in  many  localities  in  the  state;  but  past  pro- 


STATISTICS   OP    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


31 


duction,  particularly  since  the  discontimiauce  of  the  chlorination  pro- 
cess in  the  metallurgy  of  gold,  has  been  relatively  unimportant  until 
the  present  activity.  The  \\i\r  in  Europe  has  affected  the  manganese 
ore  market,  as  it  has  a  number  of  other  minerals  in  which  California 
is  also  to  the  fore.  Prices  have  ranged  from  $12  to  $18  per  ton  for  the 
lower  grades,  to  $50  to  $60  for  chemical  grades. 

The  production  of  manganese  ore  in  California  for  1915  amounted 
to  4,013  tons  of  all  grades,  having  a  total  value  of  $19,098  at  the  mines. 
It  was  distributed  bv  counties  as  follows : 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Alameda .  .    ._ 

319 

2,858 
460 
376 

$3,652 

Mendocino  _.  . .. _    _  .    ._ 

23,036 

San  Joaquin  _      

7,400 

Glenn  and  San  Bernardino* -  _      _         

15,010 

Totals    ..    _ 

4,013 

$49,098 

•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  mine  in  each. 

The  production  of  manganese  ore  in  California  annually  since  1887 
follows : 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


Year 


Tons 


1887  .. 

1888  .. 

1889  .. 

1890  .. 

1891  .. 

1892  .. 

1893  .. 

1894  .. 

1895  .. 

1896  .. 

1897  .. 

1898  .. 

1899  -. 

1900  .. 

1901  .. 

1902  .. 


1,000 

$9,000 

1,500 

13,500 

53 

901 

386 

3,176 

705 

3,830 

300 

3,000 

270 

4,050 

523 

5,512 

880 

8,200 

518 

3,415 

504 

4,080 

440 

2,102 

295 

3,165 

131 

1,310 

425 

4.405 

870 

7,140 

1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


Totals 


1 
60 


Value 


$25 
900 


1 

1 
321 

3 
265 

2 
22 


30 

25 
5,785 

75 
4,235 

40 
400 


150 
4,013 


1,500 
49,098 


13,639 


$138,899 


MOLYBDENUM. 
Bibliography:  Bulletin  67,  "Molybdenite." 
Molybdenum  is  used  to  a  limited  extent  as  an  alloy  in  the  steel 
industry,  and  also  in  certain  forms  of  electrical  apparatus.  Deposits 
of  disseminated  molybdenum  ores  have  been  observed  in  several  local- 
ities in  California,  and  also  in  small  ma.sses  associated  with  copper  ore 
in  one  district  in  Plumas  County.  No  commercial  production  has  been 
made  to  date,  except  that  a  small  tonnage  was  mined  in  Plumas  County 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1915,  but  has  not  been  marketed. 


32  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

NICKEL. 

Bibliography :  Keport  on  San  Diego  County,  1914. 
Nickel  occurs  in  the  Friday  Copper  Mine  in  the  Julian  District,  San 
Diego  County.  The  ore  is  a  nickel-bearing  pyrrhotite,  with  some  asso- 
ciated chalcopyrite.  Some  ore  was  mined  during  1915  in  the  course  of 
development  work,  but  was  not  treated  nor  disposed  of,  as  they  were 
unable  to  get  any  smelter  to  handle  it  for  them. 

OSMIUM  (see  under  Platinum). 

PALLADIUM  (see  under  Platinum). 

PLATINUM. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,   XIII.     Bulletins 
38,  45,  67. 

Platinum  is  a  by-product  from  California's  placer  operations  for 
gold,  and  is  obtained  in  part  by  hydraulic  mines  in  Trinity  County,  and 
in  the  other  counties  by  the  gold  dredges.  As  explained  under  the  head- 
ing of  Gold,  the  State  Mining  Bureau  does  not  collect  the  statistics  on 
platinum,  we  being  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Clias.  G.  Yale,  of 
the  Division  of  Mineral  Resources,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  for  these 
figures  also. 

The  production  for  1915  amounted  to  667  ounces  of  crude  platinum, 
valued  at  a  total  of  $21,149.  Crude  platinum  varies  considerably  in  its 
purity.  That  marketed  during  the  year  1914,"  is  stated  to  have  aver- 
aged 51%  platinum,  3%  iridium,  and  30%  iridosmine  or  osmiridium. 
Some  platinum  is  also  recovered  in  the  electrolytic  refining  of  blister 
copper.  It  has  been  found"  that  blister  copper  from  several  smelters  in 
the  United  States  carries  from  0.342  oz.  to  1.825  oz.  platinum  and 
from  0.607  oz.  to  4.402  oz.  palladium  per  100  tons  of  blister  copper 
treated;  that  from  Shasta  County,  California,  yielding  1.320  oz. 
platinum  and  0.607  oz.  palladium.  Iron  in  greater  or  less  amount  is 
always  alloyed  naturally  with  native  platinum,  and  usually  some 
iridium  and  osmium. 

For  1915,  the  distribution,  by  counties,  was  as  follows: 


County 

Ounces 

Value 

Butte                                                                                 . 

126 
196 
13 
132 
200 

$3,997 

Sacramento    -.._                   .           __.__--- 

6,217 

Trinity                                  -                           _    -- ---  -  -- 

435 

Yuba                                                                               --      

4,174 

Calaveras,  Merced,  Plumas  and  Stanislaus* 

6,326 

Totals                                                                  -      - 

667 

$21,149 

"U.  S.  G.  S.,  Min.  Res.,  1914,  Pt.  I,  p.  336. 

'Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.   47,  pp.   21T-218,   1913. 

•CombiDcd  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  dredge  in  each. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


33 


Eussia  produces  about  90%  of  the  world's  output  of  platinum.  Be- 
cause of  this  source  being  cut  off  at  present,  the  domestic  price  is  prac- 
tically double  what  it  was  before  the  war.  California's  yield  for  1915 
shows  an  increase  in  both  amount  and  value,  as  compared  to  1914. 
There  have  been  occasional  reports  of  platinum  in  California  being 
found  in  vein  materials,  but  as  yet  no  authentic  case  has  come  to  the 
notice  of  the  laboratory  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 

The  annual  production  and  value  since  1887,  have  been  as  follows : 


Tear 

Ounces 

Value 

Tear 

Ounces 

Value 

1887 

100 
500 
500 
600 
100 
80 
75 
100 
150 
162 
150 
300 
300 
400 
250 
39 

$400 

2.00O 

2,000 

2,500 

500 

440 

517 

600 

900 

944 

900 

1.800 

1,800 

2,500 

3,200 

468 

1903    

70 
123 
200 

91 
300 
706 
416 
337 
511 
603 
368 
463 
667 

$1,052 

1888 

1904    

1,849 

1889 

1905 

3,320 

1890     -  . 

j  1906  

1,647 

1891 

1907     

6,255 

1892 

1908  

13,414 

1893 

1909       

10,400 

1894 

1910     

8,386 

1895 

1911           -  -  -_ 

14,873 

1896 

1912  .  - 

19,731 

1897   

1913 

17,738 

1898 

i  1914     ,   -.  — 

14,816 

1899       -     -   . 

1915 

21,149 

1900 

1901 

1902 

Totals  

8,661 

$156,099 

QUICKSILVER. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  IV,  X,  XII,  XIII. 
Reports  on  Colusa  et  al.,  counties,  1915.  Bulletin  27.  U.  S.  G. 
S.,  Monograph  XIII. 

Quicksilver  was  produced  in  12  counties  in  1915,  to  the  amount  of 
14,199  flasks,  valued  at  $1,157,449,  which  is  an  increase  both  in  number 
of  flasks  and  value  over  the  year  1914.  The  European  w^ar  caused  a 
considerable  rise  in  the  price  of  quicksilver,  due  to  the  prohibition  of 
exports  from  Austria  and  Italy,  and  the  retention  of  the  Spanish  out- 
put in  England.  Immediate  steps  were  taken  by  many  to  reopen  old 
quicksilver  properties  which  had  been  idle  for  many  years.  The  coming 
year  will  show  a  still  further  advance  in  production.  A  total  of  approx- 
imately 700  men  were  employed  in  the  quicksilver  mines  of  California 
in  1915. 

The  following  table  of  monthly  San  Francisco  quotations  per  flask  of 
75  pounds,  will  indicate  the  decided  change  in  the  status  of  quicksilver 
during  the  year  1915,  as  compared  with  the  pre-war  price  of  about  $37 
per  flask.  As  San  Francisco  is  the  primary  domestic  market  for  quick- 
silver, the  average  yearly  quotations  on  this  market  have  always  been 
used  by  the  State  Mining  Bureau  (and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 

3—25437 


34 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA, 


also)  in  calculating  the  value  of  the  state's  output  of  this  metal.  The 
1914  figure  was  $49.05  per  flask.  However,  because  in  1915  there  was 
considerable  speculation  in  quicksilver  by  parties  other  than  the  actual 
producers,  and  the  price  changes  were  often  rapid,  so  that  quotations 
did  not  always  mean  sales,  we  have  in  this  case  taken  for  the  average 
value  the  average  actual  sales  as  reported  to  us  by  the  producers.  This 
gives  us  an  average  value  of  $81.52  per  flask  for  the  year  1915,  instead 
of  the  $85.80  average  of  quotations. 


San  Francisco  Prices  of  Quicksilver,  1915, 


Month 


Average 
price 


Month 


Average 
price 


January  . 
February 

March  

April   

May   

June 


$51  90 

60  00 

78  OO 

77  50 

75  00 

90  00 

1 

July  $95  00 

August  93  75 

September  91  00 

October  92  90 

November 101  50 

December   123  00 


The  important  uses  of  quicksilver  are  the  recovery  of  gold  and  silver 
by  amalgamation,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  fulminate  for  explosive 
caps,  of  drugs,  of  electric  appliances,  and  of  scientific  apparatus.  By 
far  the  greatest  consumption  is  in  the  first  two  mentioned. 

Though  some  domestic  yield  of  this  metal  is  now  obtained  from 
Texas,  Nevada  and  Arizona,  the  bulk  of  the  output  still  comes  from 
California. 

The  distribution  of  the  1915  product,  by  counties,  was: 


County 


I  Amount, 
*  flasks 


Value 


Lake   492 

Napa   507 

San  Benito  6.291 

San  Luis  Obispo 1,473 

Santa  Clara 4,386 

Sonoma  159 

Kings,  Monterey,   Santa  Barbara,   Solano,   Stanislaus   and 

Yolo*    891 

Totals    14,199 


$41,660 
45,224 
475,370 
125,512 
376,319 
21,793 

71,541 


$1,157,449 


•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  mine  in  each. 

Total    Quicksilver    Production    of   California, 

The  total  amount  and  value  of  the  quicksilver  production  of  Cali- 
fornia, as  given  in  available  records,  is  shown  in  the  following  tabula- 
tion. Though  the  New  Almaden  mine  in  Santa  Clara  County  was  first 
worked  in  1824,  and  has  been  in  practically  continuous  operation  since 
1846  (though  the  yield  was  small  the  first  two  years),  there  are  no 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


35 


available  data  on  the  output  earlier  than  1850.  Previous  to  June,  1904, 
a  "flask"  of  quicksilver  contained  76|  pounds,  but  since  that  date  75 
pounds.  In  compiling  this  table  the  following  sources  of  information 
were  used:  For  1850-1883,  table  by  J.  B.  Randol,  in  Report  of  State 
Mineralogist,  IV,  p.  336 ;  1883-1893,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  reports ; 
1894  to  date,  statistical  bulletins  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau;  also 
State  Mining  Bureau,  Bulletin  27,  "Quicksilver  Resources  of  Cali- 
fornia," 1908,  p.  10: 


Tear 


Flasks 


Value 


Average 

price  per 

flask 


Tear 


Flasks 


Value 


Average 

price  per 

flask 


1850  7.723  $768,052  $99  45 

1851  27.779  1.859,248  66  93 

1852  20,000  1,166,600  58  33 

1853 22.284  1.235,648  55  45 

1854  30,004  1,663,722  55  45 

1855  33,000  1,767,150  53  55 

1856 30,000  1,549,500  51  65 

1857  .-„•...  28,204  1,374,381  48  73 

1858  31,000  1,482,730  47  83 

1859  13,000  820,690  63  13 

1860  10,000  535,500  53  55 

1861  35,000  1,471,750  42  05 

1862  42,000  1,526,700  36  35 

1863  40,531  1,705,544  42  08 

1864  .„ 47,489  2,179,745  45  90 

1865  53,000  2.432,700  45  90 

1866  I  46,550  2,473,202  53  13 

1867  !  47,000  2,157,300  45  90 

1868  47,728  2,190,715  45  90 

1869  33,811  1,551,925  45  90 

1870  30,077  1,725,818  57  38 

1871  31,686  1,999,387  63  10 

1872  31,621  2,084,773  65  93 

1873  27,642  2,220,482  80  33 

1874  27,756  2,919,376  105  18 

1875 50,250  4,228.538  84  15 

1876  75,074  3,303,256  44  00 

1877 79,396  2,961.471  37  30 

1878 63,880  2,101,652  32  90 

1879  73,684  2,194.674  29  85 

1880  59,926  1,857,706  31  00 

1881  60,851  1,815,185  29  83 

1882  52,732  1,488,624  28  23 

1883  46,725  1.343.344  28  75 


1884  31.913  $973,347 

1885  32,073  986,245 

1886  29,981  1.064,326 

1887  33,760  1,430,749 

1888  33.250  1.413,125 

1889  26,464  1,190,880 

1890  22,926  1,203,615 

1891  22.904  1.036,406 

1892  27,993  1,139,595 

1893  30,164  1,108,527 

18&4  30,416  934,000 

1895  36,104  1,337,131 

1896  30,765  1,075,449 

1897  26,691  993,445 

1898  31,092  1,188.626 

1899  29,454  1,405,045 

1900 26,317  1,182,786 

1901  26,720  1,285,014 

1902  29,552  1,276,524 

1903  32,094  1,335,954 

1904  *28,876  1,086,323 

1905  24,655  886,081 

1908  19,516  712,334 

1907  -_.,.:._  17,379  663,178 

1908  18,039  763,520 

1909  16,217  773,788 

1910  17,665  799,002 

1911  19,109  879,205 

1912  20,600  866,024 

1913  15,661  630.042 

1914  11.373  I  557,846 

1915  14,199  1,157,449 


Totals  .  2,091,919 


$30  50 
30  75 

35  50 
42  38 

42  50 
45  00 
52  50 
45  25 
40  71 

36  75 
30  70 

37  04 

34  96 

37  28 

38  23 

47  70 

44  94 

48  46 

43  20 
42  25 

37  62 

35  94 

36  50 

38  Ifi 
42  33 
47  71 

45  23 

46  01 
42  04 
40  23 

49  05 
81  52 


$97,492,669 


•Flasks  of  75  lbs.  since  June,  1904;  of  76J  lbs.  previously. 

SILVER. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  IV,  VIII,  XII, 
Silver  in  California  is  produced  largely  as  a  by-product,  associated 
with  copper,  lead,  zinc  and  gold  ores.  As  explained  under  the  heading 
of  Gold,  the  following  figures  are  those  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
The  average  price  of  silver  during  1915  was  50.7^  per  ounce  at  New 
York,  as  compared  with  54.8^  in  1914. 


36 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


"The  yield  of  silver  in  California  in  1915  was  1,67S,75G  fine  ounces,  valued  at 
$851,129,  an  increase  in  quantity  of  200,897  ounces  and  an  increase  of  $37,191  in 
value.  The  larger  portion  of  the  output,  1,44.3,037  ounces,  valued  at  $732,634,  was 
derived  from  crude  smelting  ores.  The  output  of  siliceous  ore,  both  milled  and 
smelted,  yielded  272,849  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $1.38,334.  The  largest  output  of  silver 
came,  as  usual,  from  Shasta  County,  which  produced  *  *  *  a  total  of  900,441 
fine  ounces,  valued  at  $459,566,"  mainly  from  copper  ores,  with  smaller  amounts 
from  siliceous  ores  and  placers.  "Inyo  County  followed  Shasta  in  yield  of  silver  in 
1915,  the  output  being  252,257  ounces,  valued  at  $127,894,  *  *  *  nearly  equally 
divided  between  lead  ores  and  zinc  ores.  The  total  silver  derived  from  deep  mines 
of  all  classes  in  California  in  1915  was  1,640,888  ounces,  valued  at  $8.31,930.  The 
silver  obtained  with  gold  in  placer  mining  in  the  state  in  1915  was  37,868  ounces, 
valued  at  $19,199.  The  largest  producer  of  placer  silver  was  Yuba  County,  with 
10,357  ounces,  valued  at  $5,251." 

The  distribution  of  the  1915  silver  yield,  by  counties,  was  as  follows : 


County 


Value 


County 


Value 


Amador 


$20,409  1!  Nevada $23,762 


Butte    3,433 

Calaveras    53,298 


6 

1,353 

246 

62 

42 

127.894 

Kern  13,316 


Del  Norte  . 
El  Dorado 

Fresno   

Humboldt 
Imperial   _. 
Inyo 


Lake,  Merced  and  Stanislaus*. 

Madera    

Mariposa   

Modoc    

Mono  


1,558 
2,126 
2.175 
104 
1,923 


24,543 

19,025 

1,522 

3,151 

64,165 

9 

Shasta   459,566 


Placer  

Plumas 

Riverside   

Sacramento 

San  Bernardino 
San  Diego  


Sierra  

Siskiyou   . 
Trinity    _. 
Tuolumne 
Yuba   


3,156 
2,081 
3,470 
13,480 
5,254 


Total $851,129 


•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  property  in  each. 

The  value  of  the  silver  produced  in  California  each  year  since  1887, 
is  as  follows : 


Tear 


Value 


Tear 


Value 


1887  $1,632,003 

1888  1.700,000 

1889  754,793 

1890  1,060,613 

1891  953,157 

1892  463,602 

1893  537,157 

1894  '  297,332 

1895  599,789 

1896  422,463 

1897  452,789 

1898  414.055 

1899  :  504,012 

1900  1,510,344 

1901  1,229,356 

1902  I  616,412 


1903  $517,444 

1904  873,525 

1905  678,494 

1906  817.830 

1907  751.&16 

1908  873.057 

1909  1,091,092 

1910  993,646 

1911  673,336 

1912  799,584 

1913  832,553 

1914     813,938 

1915  851,129 

Total  '  $23,715,151 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


37 


TIN. 

Bibliography:  Bulletin  67,  " Cassiterite. " 

Tin  is  not  at  present  produced  in  California;  but  during  1891-2, 
tliere  was  some  production  from  a  small  deposit  near  Corona,  in  River- 
side County,  as  tabulated  below.  Small  quantities  of  stream  tin  have 
been  found  in  some  of  the  placer  workings  in  northern  California,  but 
never  in  paying  amounts. 

Early  in  the  current  year,  two  new  occurrences  have  been  noted  in 
northern  San  Diego  County.  Crystals  of  cassiterite  have  been  found 
there,  associated  with  blue  tourmaline  crystals,  amblj^gonite  and  beryl. 
No  commercial  quantity  has  been  developed,  only  small  pockets  having 
been  taken  out,  as  yet;  but  the  prospect  is  an  interesting  one. 

Total  output  of  tin  in  California: 


Teat 


Pounds 


I 


Vfliie 


1891 
1892 


Totals 


125.289 
126.000 


251,289 


$27,564 
32.400 


$59,964 


TUNGSTEN. 

Bihliograpliy :  Bulletins  38,  67. 

The  metal,  tungsten,  is  used  mainly  in  the  steel  industry  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  electrical  appliances,  including  the  well-known  tung- 
sten filament  lamps.  Because  of  its  resistance  to  corrosion  by  acids,  it 
is  valuable  in  making  certain  forms  of  chemical  apparatus.  In  the 
form  of  tungstic  acid,  it  is  stated  to  be  used  to  toughen  silk  and  linen 
fabrics  for  certain  purposes. 

Tungsten  ore  is  produced  in  California  principally  in  the  Atolia- 
Randsburg  district  in  San  Bernardino  and  Kern  counties,  with  small 
amounts  coming  from  Nevada  County  and  from  the  district  near 
Goffs,  in  eastern  San  Bernardino.  Most  of  the  California  tungsten 
ore  is  scheelite  (calcium  tungstate),  though  wolframite  (iron-manga- 
nese tungstate)  and  hiibnerite  (manganese  tungstate)  also  occur.  The 
value  of  the  ore  is  based  upon  the  content  of  tungstic  trioxide  (W  0.j), 
and  quotations  are  commonly  made  per  unit  (each  1%)  of  W  O3 
present. 

In  1915  there  Avere  marketed  962  tons  of  high  grade  ore  and  con- 
centrates, valued  at  $1,005,467,  which  is  more  than  double  the  tonnage 
and  over  five  times  the  value  of  the  1914  output.  Previous  to  1915, 
a  single  company  produced  almost  all  of  California's  tungsten.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  1915,  and  the  early  months  of  1916,  because  of 


38 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


the  high  prices  prevailing,  prospecting  was  much  stimulated,  and  the 
known  tungsten-bearing  areas  have  been  considerably  extended  both 
in  San  Bernardino  and  Kern  counties.  Shipments  have  also  begun 
from  mines  opened  up  in  the  Clark  Mountain  and  New  York  Moun- 
tains districts  in  eastern  San  Bernardino  County.  In  these  latter 
areas,  wolframite  and  hiibnerite  are  the  principal  ores,  with  some 
scheelite,  while  at  Atolia  it  is  scheelite  only.  Scheelite  ore  is  also 
being  developed  in  Inyo  County  near  Bishop,  and  two  concentrating 
mills  are  under  construction.  The  Nevada  County  ore  is  also  scheelite. 
Distribution  of  the  1915  output  was  as  follows: 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Kern  and  Nevada*      -  _      

98 

864 

$164,520 

San  Bernardino 

840,947 

Totals   

962  ! 

$1,005,467 

•Combined  to  conceal  output  ol  a  single  mine  in  Nevada  County. 


The  annual  value  of  tungsten  produced  in  California  since  the  incep- 
tion of  the  industry  is  given  herewith: 


Year 

Value 

Tear 

Value 

1905                       

$18,800 
189,100 
120,587 
37,750 
190,500 
208,245 
127,706 

1912   

:  1913   

$206,000 

1906 

234,673 

1907 

1914         

180,575 

1908 

1915                   

1,005,467 

1909   

1910 

Total        

$2,519,403 

1911   ._ 

VANADIUM. 

Bibliography :  Bulletin  67. 
No  commercial  production  of  vanadium  has  as  yet  been  made  in 
California.  Occurrences  of  this  metal  have  been  found  near  Goffs 
in  San  Bernardino  County,  and  two  companies  have  done  considerable 
development  work  recently  in  the  endeavor  to  open  up  paying  quan- 
tities. One  mill  has  been  built,  and  another  is  under  construction. 
Ore  carrying  the  mineral  cuprodescloizite  and  reported  as  assaying 
4%  VoOs,  is  being  developed  at  Camp  Signal,  near  Goffs.  There  is  a 
growing  demand  for  vanadium,  for  use  in  the  steel  industry. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


39 


ZINC. 

Bibliography :  Bulletins  38,  67. 

Zinc  was  produced  in  Shasta,  Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  counties 
during  1915,  to  the  amount  of  13,043,411  pounds,  valued  at  $1,617,383. 
This  is  an  unprecedented  increase  both  in  tonnage  and  value  over  any 
previous  year,  and  is  due  mainly  to  the  stimulation  of  the  market, 
chargeable  to  the  European  war.  The  average  price  for  the  year  was 
14.2^  per  pound,  as  compared  to  5.1^  during  1914. 

The  zinc  ores  of  Shasta  County  are  associated  with  copper,  while 
those  of  Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  are  associated  with  lead-silver  ores. 
The  ores  are  sliipped  to  eastern  smelters  for  treatment. 

The  production,  by  counties,  was  as  follows: 


County 


Pounds 


Value 


Inyo 4,625,162  $573,520 

San  Bernardino 39,848  :  4,941 

Shasta  8,378,401         1,038,922 


Totals 13.043,411 


$1,617,383 


Total  figures  for  zinc  output  of  the  state  are  as  follows: 


Year 

Pounds 

Value 

Tear 

Pounds 

Value 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

t 

206,000 

177,759 

54,000 

$12,566 

10.598 
3,544 

1912    

1913 

1914 

1915 

1 

Totals  

4,331,391 

1,157,947 

399,641 

13,043,411 

$298,866 
64,845 
20..381 

1.617,383 

1910 

1911 

2,679,842 

152,751 

22,049,991 

$2,180,934 

40  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER  FOUR. 

STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS. 

As  indicated  by  this  chapter  heading,  the  mineral  substances  herein 
considered  are  those  more  or  less  directly  used  in  building  and  struc- 
tural AYork.  California  is  independent,  so  far  as  these  are  concerned, 
and  almost  any  reasonable  construction  can  be  made  with  materials 
produced  in  the  state.  This  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  for  1915 
was  valued  at  $13,481,947,  as  compared  vdtla.  a  total  value  of  $14,- 
469,982  for  the  year  1914.  Only  a  few  years  ago  its  value  was  of 
no  significance  in  considering  the  total  mineral  production  of  the 
state.  With  the  growth,  in  population  and  otherwise,  of  California, 
this  subdivision  of  the  mineral  industry  in  the  state  will  increase 
indefinitely.  Deposits  of  granite,  marble  and  other  building  stones  are 
distributed  widely  throughout  the  state,  and  slowly  but  surely  trans- 
portation and  other  facilities  are  being  extended  so  that  the  growing 
demand  may  be  met.  The  largest  single  item,  cement,  has  an  unpar- 
alleled record  of  growth  since  the  inception  of  the  industry  in  California 
twenty-four  years  ago.  Not  until  1904  did  the  annual  value  of  cement 
produced  reach  the  million-dollar  mark,  following  which  it  increased 
500  per  cent  in  nine  years;  though  the  last  two  years  it  has  declined 
slightly. 

Crushed  rock  production  is  yearly  becoming  more  worthy  of  con- 
sideration, due  to  the  strides  recently  taken  in  concrete  building,  as 
well  as  to  activity  in  the  building  of  good  roads.  Brick,  with  an 
annual  output  worth  nearly  $2,000,000,  is  slowly  decreasing,  due  to  the 
popularity  of  cement  and  concrete;  nevertheless,  this  item  will  be  an 
important  one  for  many  years  to  come,  and  of  course,  a  market  for  fire 
and  fancy  brick  of  all  kinds  will  never  be  lacking. 

The  following  table  gives  the  comparative  figures  for  the  value  of 
structural  materials  produced  in  California  during  the  years  1914  and 
1915.  Fifty-one  counties  contributed  to  this  total,  and  there  is  not  a 
county  in  the  state  which  is  not  capable  of  some  output  of  at  least 
one  of  the  following  classes  of  material : 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


41 


Substance 


Value. 
1914 


I 


Value. 
1915 


Increase, 
value 


Decrease, 
value 


Bituminous  rock 

Brick 

Cement    

Chrome  ._ 

Lime   

Magnesite 

Marble  

Sandstone  

Slate 

Stone,  miscellaneous 


$166,618 

2,288,227 

6,558,148 

9,434 

378,663 

114,380 

48,832 

45.322 


4.860,358 


$61,468  ' $105,150 


1,678,756 

6,044,950 

38,044 

286,304 

283,461 

41,518 

8,438 

5,000 

5,011,108 


$28,610 
169,081 


5,000 
150,750 


609,471 
513,198 

92,359 

'7,314 
36,884 


Totals   _- 
Net  decrease 


$14,469,982  $13,459,047 


I 


$1,010,935 


ASPHALT. 

Bibliography:   State   IMiueralogist  Reports   VII,   X,   XII,   XIII. 
Bulletins  16  and  32. 

Asphalt  has  been  usually  accounted  for  in  reports  by  the  State 
Mining  Bureau,  because  in  the  early  days  of  the  oil  industry,  consider- 
able asphalt  was  produced  from  outcroppings  of  oil  sand,  and  was  a 
separate  industry  from  the  production  of  oil  itself.  However,  at  the 
present  time  most  of  the  asphalt  comes  from  the  oil  refineries,  which 
produce  a  better  and  more  even  grade;  hence  its  value  is  not  now 
included  in  the  mineral  total,  as  to  do  so  would  be  a  partial  duplica- 
tion of  the  crude  petroleum  figures.  Such  natural  asphalt  as  is  at 
present  mined  is  in  the  form  of  bituminous  sandstones,  and  is 
recorded  under  that  designation. 

The  production  of  refinery  asphalt  during  1915  was  166,941  tons, 
valued  at  $1,363,207;  as  compared  with  162,621  tons,  worth  $1,467,- 
550  for  1914. 

BITUMINOUS  ROCK. 

Bibliography :  State  IMineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII. 

Bituminous  rock  is  used  in  a  number  of  places,  principally  for  road 
dressing ;  but  the  manufacture  of  asphalt  at  the  oil  refineries  has  almost 
eliminated  the  industry  of  mining  bituminous  rock.  The  production 
during  1915  from  two  properties  in  Santa  Cruz  and  one  in  San  Luis 
Obispo  County  was  17,789  tons,  valued  at  $61,468. 


4—25437 


42 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF   CALIFORNIA. 


The  following  tabulation  shows  the  total  amount  and  value  of  bitu- 
minous rock  quarried  and  sold  in  California,  from  the  records  com- 
piled by  the  State  Mining  Bureau,  annually  since  1887 : 


Tear 


Tons 


Value 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


1887 36,000  $160,000 

1888  .- 50,000  257,000 

1889 40.000  170,000 

1890 40,000  170,000 

1891 39,962  154,164 

1892 24,000  72,000 

1893 32,000  192,036 

1894 31,214  115.193 

1895 38,921  121,586 

1896 49.456  122,500 

1897 45.470  128,173 

1898 46,836  137,575 

1899 40,321  116.097 

1900 25,306  71,495 

1901 24.052  66.354 

1902 33,490  43,411 


1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1208 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


21,944 
45,280 
24,753 
16,077 
24,122 
30,718 
34,123 
87,547 
75,125 
44.073 
37,541 
66,119 
17,789 


$53,106 

175.680 

60,436 

45,204 

72,835 

109.818 

116,436 

165,711 

117,279 

87,467 

78,479 

166,618 

61,468 


rotals  1,122,239  ,  $3,408,121 


BRICK    AND    TILE. 
Bibliography :  Bulletin  38. 

As  would  be  expected  in  a  state  with  diversified  and  widespread 
mineral  resources,  a  great  variety  of  brick  is  annually  produced  in 
California,  including  common,  fire,  pressed,  glazed,  sand-lime,  and 
others.  As  far  as  possible  the  different  kinds  have  been  segregated  in 
the  following  tabulation,  but  in  many  cases  operators  report  their  total 
without  any  classification  and  such  figures  are  of  necessity  listed  as 
miscellaneous.  It  will  therefore  be  understood  that  in  no  case  does  the 
total  of  a  subdivision  represent  the  true  amount  if  figures  are  also 
given  in  the  miscellaneous  column.  Though  some  sand-lime  brick  has 
been  made  in  California  for  a  number  of  years  past,  there  was  none 
reported  for  1915.  "We  have  also  included  under  this  heading  in  the 
present  report,  the  various  forms  of  hollow  building  "tile"  or  blocks, 
instead  of  under  industrial  pottery  clays  as  in  previous  reports. 

According  to  Bulletin  No.  38,  issued  by  the  California  State  Mining 
Bureau,  the  following  analyses  show  the  average  and  the  maximum 
and  minimum  of  the  ingredients  commonly  occurring  in  brick  clays.  A 
clay  in  which  the  percentage  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  ingredients 
mentioned  is  much  above  the  maximum  given  or  below  the  minimum 
will  prove  an  inferior,  if  not  worthless,  clay  for  even  common  brick. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


43 


Chemical  Analyses  of  Common  Brick  Clays. 


Silica    (SlOj),    combined 
Silica   sand    

Alumina    (AljQ,)    

Water    (H^O),   combined 

Water  moisture 

Iron    oxide     (Fe.Oj) 

Lime    (CaO)    

Magnesia    (MgO)    

Alkalies    (K,0,  NajO)  — 


Average, 
percent 


15.0 
55.0 
14.0 
4.0 
2.0 
4.0 
1.5 
1.5 
3.5 


Minimum,      Maximum, 
per  cent         per  cent 


12.0 
20.0 
11.0 
3.0 
0.0 
2.5 
0.5 
0.3 
2.0 


30.0 
(iO.O 
25.0 
9.0 
6.0 
8.0 
7.0 
7.0 
7.0 


The  detailed  figures  of  brick  production  for  1915,  by  counties,  are 
as  follows: 


Brick  Production  for  1915,  by  Counties. 


County 


Common 


Amount. 
M 


Value 


Pressed.  Are, 
glazed,  vitrified 


Amount, 
M 


Value 


Miscellaneous  brick 
and  building  tile 


Amount, 
M 


Value 


Totals 


Amount, 
M 


Value 


Alameda    

Amador 

Contra  Costa  .. 

Fresno    .— 

Humboldt   

Imperial   

Los  Angeles 

Madera    

Marin    

Orange    

Placer    

Riverside    

Sacramento    

San  Benito 

San  Bernardino 

San  Diego  

San  Joaquin  ... 

San  Mateo  

Santa  Barbara  . 

Santa  Clara  

Shasta    

Tehama 

Tulare  

Ventura    — 


10.200        $43,350 


11,919 

4,750 

385 

2,946 

71,643 

200 

10,000 

400 


79,890 
33,250 

3,330 

17,676 

333,771 

1,400 
50,000 

2,600 


1,441 

4,000 
2,943 


8,995 
260  ! 

400  ; 

340 


44,973 
1,560 
2,400 
2,500 


2,000 

1,055 

200 


1,800 

10,096 

1,836 

400 
5,520 

150 


14,400 
57,784 
11,550 
2,700 
33,364 
750 


Totals    142,240      $737,248     28,671 


$43,415 
80,000 
56,276 


3,200  ,     $46,000 
53  3,696 


13,317        310,948 


78 

12 

3,709 


880 


40,000 

16,880 

4,750 


725 


50 


$646,819  :     9,627 


2,235 

240 

175,593 


13,400 


33,250 


---——- 

1      1 

920    18,525 

3,000 

75,000  

715 

19,550 

1 

1,750 


14,841 

4,000 

14,915 

4,750 

463 

2.958 

88,669 

200 

10,000 

1,280 

2,000 

1,055 

9,920 

260 

400 

1,260 

3,000 

715 

1,800 

10,096 

1,836 

400 

5,520 

200 


,689  I     180,538 


$132,765 

80,0(:0 

139,862 

33,250 

5,565 

17,916 

820,312 

1,400 
50,000 
16,000 
40,000 
16,880 
82,973 

1,560 

2,400 
21,025 
75,000 
19,550 
14,400 
57,784 
11,550 

2,700 
33,364 

2,500 


$1,678,756 


44 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Record  of  brick  production  in  the  state  has  been  kept  since  1893  by 
this  Bureau.  The  annual  and  total  figures  since  that  date,  for  amount 
and  value,  are  given  in  the  following  table : 


Year 


nds 

Value 

,900 

$801,750 

,675 

457,125 

,772 

672,360 

,000 

524,740 

,468 

563,240 

,102 

571.362  ! 

,950 

754,730 

,191 

905,210  ' 

,766 

860.488 

,851 

1,306,215 

,403 

1,999,546 

.750 

1,994,740 

,618 

2,273.786 

Tear 


Thousands 


Value 


1893 103, 

1894 81 

1895 131 

1896 24 

1897 97 

1898 100, 

1899 125, 

1900 137 

1901 130 

1902 169 

1903 214 

1904 281 

1905 286 


1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 1- 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Totals 


277.762 
362.167 
332.872 
333,846 
340,883 
327,474 
337,233 
358,754 
270,791 
180,538 


$2,538,848 
3,438,951 
2,506,495 
3,059,929 
2,934,731 
2,638,121 
2,940,290 
2,915,350 
2,288,227 
1,678.756 


5,007,769  ,    $40,624,990 


CEMENT. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  VIII,  IX,  XII.  Bul- 
letin 38. 

Cement  is  one  of  the  most  important  structural  materials  iu  the 
output  of  the  state.  During  1915  there  was  produced  a  total  of 
4,918,275  barrels,  valued  at  $6,044,950.  This  output  comes  from  eight 
operating  plants  in  seven  counties,  employing  approximately  2,600 
men.  The  enlargement  of  this  industry,  of  course,  depends  upon  the 
growth  of  surrounding  communities,  and  a  summary  of  the  lime  and 
clay  deposits  of  the  state  shows  that  considerable  enlargement  would 
not  be  impossible. 

The  cement  industry  is  so  centralized  that  it  is  impossible  to  appor- 
tion the  production  to  the  counties  in  which  plants  are  located  without 
making  private  business  public.  With  the  exception  of  San  Bernar- 
dino, no  county  has  more  than  one  cement  plant.  The  two  operating 
plants  in  San  Bernardino  County,  in  1915,  made  a  total  of  915,000 
barrels,  valued  at  $980,000;  the  balance  coming  from  a  single  plant 
in  each  of  the  following  counties:  Contra  Costa,  Kern,  Napa,  River- 
side, Santa  Cruz  and  Solano.  A  third  cement  plant  is  at  present 
under  construction  in  San  Bernardino  County,  at  Victorv^ille. 

"Portland"  cement  was  first  commercially  produced  in  the  state  in 
1891;  though  in  1860  and  for  several  years  following,  a  natural 
hydraulic  cement  from  Benicia  was  utilized  in  building  operations  in 
San  Francisco.  While  the  total  figures  are  not  of  the  same  magnitude 
as  those  for  gold  and  petroleum,  the  growth  of  the  industry  has  been 
more  than  rapid,  and  a  comparison  of  the  annual  figures  representing 
the  output  since  the  inception  of  the  industry  is  of  interest. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUxMj   PRODUCTION.  45 

Annual  production  of  cement  in  California  has  been  as  follows: 


Tear 


1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 


Barrels 


5,000 
5,000 


Value 


Tear 


$15,000 
15.000 


8,000 

21,600 

16,383 

32,556 

9,500 

28,250 

18.000 

66,000 

50.000 

150,000 

60,000 

180,000 

52,000 

121,000 

71,800 

159.842 

171,000 

423,600 

640,868 

968,727 

969.538 

1.539,807 

Barrels 


Value 


1905 

1,265,553 
1,286,000 
1,613,563 
1,629,615 
3,779,205 
5,453,193 
6,371,369 
6,198,634 
6,167,806 
5,109,218 
4.918.275 

$1,791,916 

1906   

1.941.250 

1907 

2.585.577 

1908 

2,359,692 

1909   - 

4,969.437 

1910 

7,485,715 

1911 

9,085,625 

1912 

6,074,661 

1913 

7,743,024 

1914 

6.558,148 

1915 

6,044,950 

Totals  

45.869.520 

$60,361,377 

CHROME. 
Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Keports  IV,  XII.     Bulletin  38. 

Chromic  iron  ore,  to  the  amount  of  3,725  short  tons,  valued  at 
j!-38,044,  was  mined  and  shipped  during  1915.  While  the  material  is 
known  to  exist  in  many  places  in  the  state,  and  has  been  mined  in 
several  of  the  counties,  the  present  production  comes  largely  from 
Fresno,  Shasta  and  Tuolumne  counties. 

The  European  war  caused  some  rise  in  the  price  of  this  material,  as 
most  of  the  chrome  used  in  the  United  States  is  imported  from  Rhodesia 
and  New  Caledonia.  Considerable  effort,  therefore,  has  been  expended 
by  private  parties  in  investigating  California  deposits,  more  par- 
ticularly with  the  idea  of  expecting  to  find  large  quantities  which 
would  justify  entering  the  market  and  making  long-time  contracts, 
in  competition  with  the  foreign  deposits.  Some  of  these  investiga- 
tions have  been  without  success,  as  the  California  deposits  are,  in  many 
cases,  not  beyond  the  prospective  stage ;  and  lack  of  transportation 
facilities  has  been  an  important  factor.  However,  new  deposits  are 
being  found  and  opened  up,  and  the  outlook  for  the  coming  year  is 
for  a  greatly  increased  yield.  The  1915  output  was  the  greatest  in 
tonnage  yet  recorded,  but  has  been  exceeded  in  value. 

The  major  consumption  of  chromic  iron  ore  is  for  its  use  as  a 
refractory  lining  in  smelting  furnaces  for  steel  and  copper.  A  smaller 
portion  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  ferro-chrome  for  chrome-steel 
alloys.  Some  ferro-chrome  is  now  being  made  in  California  by  the 
electric  furnace. 


46  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

The  distribution  of  the  1915  product,  by  counties,  was  as  follows: 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Fresno  

1,300 

1,757 

352 

316 

$13,600 
17,570 

Shasta  _      ._._..  

Tuolumne 

2.352 

Alameda,  Butte,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Clara, 
Tehama,  Tulare*  

Siskiyou, 

4,522 

Totals -_ 

3.725 

$38,044 

•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  producer  in  each. 

A  larger  amount  than  the  above  figures  was  shown  in  our  Press 
Bulletin  No.  35,  issued  April  28,  1916.  Later  information  indicates 
that  in  one  or  two  localities  a  considerable  tonnage  of  chromite  was 
actually  mined  in  1915,  and  included  in  the  reports  of  production  to 
this  Bureau,  though  the  major  portion  of  it  was  not  shipped  from  the 
property  until  after  January  1,  1916.  For  this  reason  we  have  here 
included  for  1915  only  such  material  as  was  actually  disposed  of  during 
that  year. 

The  annual  output  of  chromite  since  1887  has  been  as  follows : 


Tear 

Tons 

Value 

Year 

Tons 

Value 

1887 

3,000 
1,500 
2,000 
3,599 
1,372 
1.500 
3.319 
3,680 
1,740 
786 

$40,000 
20,000 
30,000 
53,985 
20,580 
22.500 
49,785 
39.980 
16.795 
7,775 

'  1903       

150 

123 

40 

317 

302 

350 

436 

749 

935 

1.270 

1,180 

1,517 

3.725 

$2,250 

1888 

''  1904 

1,845 

1889                  -  - 

'  1905       _  .      .  , 

600 

1890 

1906 

2,859 

1891           -  .      .      

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

6,040 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

6,195 

5,309 

9,707 

14,197 

11,260 

1897 

1913       

12,700 

1898       

1914 

1915 

9,434 

1899 



38,044 

1900 

1901 

1902 

140 
130 
315 

1,400 
1,950 
4,725 

Totals   

34.175 

$430,015 

LIME. 
Bibliography :  Bulletin  38. 

Lime  to  the  amount  of  356,534  barrels,  valued  at  $286,304,  was 
produced  from  eight  counties  during  1915,  as  compared  with  439,961 
barrels,  valued  at  $378,663,  from  ten  counties  in  1914.  This  figure 
includes  only  such  lime  as  is  used  in  building  operations.  That 
utilized  in  sugar  making  and  as  a  fertilizer  are  classified  under  "in- 


STATISTICS    OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION.  47 

dustrial    materials."     That    consumed    in    cement    manufacture    is 
included  in  the  value  of  cement. 

Distribution,  by  counties,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


County 

Barrels 

Value 

Amador  ..  . .. - 

1,000 

15,911 

55,176 

191,6-13 

745 

92.059 

$1,200 

El  Dorado  .  — 

12,872 

Kern    

39,523 

Santa  Cruz . 

177,873 

Siskiyou  

745 

San  Bernardino,  Shasta  and  Tuolumne* — . 

54,091 

Totals    

356,534 

$286,304 

•Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  plant  in  each. 

For  table  of  production  by  years,  see  under  "industrial"  limestone. 

MAGNESITE. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII.  Bulletin 
38.  Reports  on  Napa,  Sonoma,  Fresno,  1915.  U.  S.  G.  S.  Bul- 
letins, 355,  540. 

Magnesite  has  for  a  number  of  years  been  known  to  exist  in  many 
localities  in  California.  In  quality  it  is  very  high  grade,  many  deposits 
yielding  material  carrying  about  95%  magnesium  carbonate.  The 
deposits  are  mostly  in  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Coast  Range  and 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  are  scattered  over  an  area  nearly  four 
hundred  miles  long.  One  deposit  of  sedimentary  origin  is  situated  in 
the  Mojave  Desert  region.  California  is  the  only  state,  so  far  of  record, 
in  the  United  States,  having  magnesite  in  commercial  quantities. 

During  the  year  1915,  there  was  considerable  activity  in  the  produc- 
tion of  magnesite,  giving  an  output  nearly  double  that  of  the  highest 
previous  year  {i.  e.,  1910).  The  curtailing  of  European  imports  due 
to  the  war,  the  lowering  of  transcontinental  railroad  rates  on  magnesite, 
manganese  and  chrome,  and  the  added  possibilities  for  transportation 
through  the  Panama  Canal,  to  eastern  markets,  have  led  to  the  in- 
creased production.  The  permanent  nature  of  improvements  at  some 
deposits  gives  promise  that  future  production  will  be  still  greater. 

The  photographs  (pp.  48  and  49)  illustrate  the  two  types  of  furnaces 
used  in  calcining  magnesite  in  California. 

Producing    Districts. 

The  following  notes  are  here  recorded  concerning  the  principal  pro- 
ducing districts  of  the  state  in  1915: 

The  Tulare  Mining  Company,  Tulare  County,  as  for  some  years  past, 
was  the  largest  single  producer.  The  magnesite  is  stoped  in  under- 
ground workings,  and  calcined  in  two  vertical,  shaft  kilns.  A  railroad 
spur  runs  direct  to  the  furnaces.     The  Porterville  Magnesite  Company 


48 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


is  sloping  and  quarrying,  shipping  the  product  crude.  Some  output 
was  made  from  leases  operated  by  the  California  Magnesite  Company. 
The  Lindsay  Mining  Company  has  since  built  a  railroad  spur  and  for 
1916  will  show  considerable  shipments  of  crude. 

In  Santa  Clara  County,  at  the  Red  Mountain  deposit,  the  material  is 
stoped  underground,  calcined  in  two  vertical  kilns,  and  transported 
33  miles  by  auto  trucks  to  the  railroad  at  Livermore.  The  adjoining 
property  of  the  Pacific  Magnesite  Company  is  being  equipped.  In 
the  Sherlock  mine,  Madrone,  the  rock  is  quarried,  and  shipped  crude. 


Shaft  furnace  of  Western   Magnesite   Development   Co.,   at   Red   Mountain, 
Santa   Clara   County,   California. 

The  Sonoma  Magnesite  Company,  Sonoma  County,  is  operating  a 
rotary  kiln,  and  has  completed  a  short  railroad  for  delivery  to  the  main 
line.  Shipments  of  both  raw  and  calcined  ore  are  made.  In  1915, 
motor  trucks  were  utilized.     The  Refractory  Magnesite  Company  at 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


49 


Preston  has  a  magnesite  which  burns  bro-\\Ti,  carrying  up  to  6%  FcoOs 
and  resembles  the  Austrian  "spasdcr,"  particularly  desired  by  the  steel 
men. 

A  considerable  tonnage  was  shipped  from  the  sedimentary  deposit 
at  Bissell,  in  Kern  County,  and  calcined  in  two  rotary  kilns  at  Los 
Angeles  before  shipment  east. 

In  Napa  County  some  ore  was  shipped,  crude,  from  the  White  Rock 
mine  in  Pope  Valley,  and  from  a  property  of  the  Tulare  Mining 
Company. 

There  is  a  calcining  plant  in  operation  at  San  Diego  burning  magne- 
site from  Lower  California,  Mexico.  To  date  it  has  not  treated  any 
California  magnesite. 

A  number  of  owners  have  carried  on  development  work,  and  it  seems 
assured  that  a  much  greater  demand  can  easily  be  met  by  the  various 
California  deposits. 


Rotary  kiln  of  Sonoma   Magnesite   Co.,  at   Magnesite,    Sonoma   County,    California. 


Uses. 


The  principal  uses  at  the  present  time  include:  refractory  linings 
for  basic  open-hearth  steel  furnaces,  copper  reverberatories  and  con- 
verters, bullion  and  other  metallurgical  furnaces;  in  the  manufacture 


50  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

of  paper  from  wood  pulp ;  and  in  structural  work,  for  flooring,  wains- 
coting, tiling,  sanitary  kitchen  and  hospital  finishing,  etc.  In  con- 
nection with  building  work  it  has  proven  particularly  efficient  as  a 
flooring  for  steel  railroad  coaches,  on  account  of  having  greater  elas- 
ticity and  resilience  than  "Portland"  cement.  For  refractory  pur- 
poses, the  magnesite  is  "dead-burned" — i.  e.,  all  or  practically  all  of 
the  COo  is  expelled  from  it.  For  cement  purposes,  it  is  left  "caustic" — 
i.  e.,  from  5  %  to  10%  of  CO,  is  retained.  When  dry  caustic  magnesite 
is  mixed  with  a  solution  of  magnesium  chloride  (MgCL)  in  proper 
proportions,  a  very  strong  cement  is  produced,  known  as  oxychloride 
or  Sorel  cement.®  "It  is  applied  in  a  plastic  form,  *  *  *  which 
sets  in  a  few  hours  as  a  tough,  seamless  surface.  It  has  also  a  very 
strong  bonding  power,  and  will  hold  firmly  to  wood,  metal,  or  concrete 
as  a  base.  It  may  be  finished  with  a  very  smooth,  even  surface,  which 
will  take  a  good  wax  or  oil  polish.  As  ordinarily  mixed  there  is  added 
a  certain  proportion  of  wood  flour,  cork,  asbestos,  or  other  filler, 
thereby  adding  to  the  elastic  properties  of  the  finished  product."  Its 
surface  is  described  as  "warm"  and  "quiet"  as  a  result  of  the  elastic 
and  nonconducting  character  of  the  composite  material.  The  cement 
is  usually  colored  by  the  addition  of  some  mineral  pigment  to  the 
materials  before  mixing  as  cement. 

The  desirable  qualities  of  any  flooring  material  (cost  not  considered) 
are  listed  for  purposes  of  analysis  or  comparison  under  eighteen  heads, 
as  follows:  Cleanliness  (sanitary  qualities),  quietness,  immunity  from 
abrasion  (surface  wear) ,  resilience,  immunity  from  slipperiness,  appear- 
ance, waterproof  character,  plasticity,  warmth  (thermal  insulation), 
life  (immunity  from  deterioration  with  age),  acid-proof  character,  alkali- 
proof  character,  fire  resistance,  elasticity,  crushing  strength,  structural 
strength  (rupture),  immunity  from  expansion  and  contraction,  and 
lightness.  The  importance  of  these  several  qualities  varies  with  the  vary- 
ing requirements  to  be  met ;  for  instance,  in  some  places,  as  in  hospitals, 
cleanliness  is  one  of  the  prime  considerations;  in  other  places  immunity 
from  abrasion  might  be  one  of  the  principal  requisites.  As  to  most  of 
these  qualities  the  conclusion  is  reached  that  the  magnesia  cement  affords 
one  of  the  most  satisfactory  flooring  materials  for  many  purposes  such 
as  in  kitchen,  laundry,  toilet,  and  bathrooms,  corridors,  large  rooms  or 
halls  in  public  or  other  buildings,  including  hospitals,  factories,  shops 
and  restaurants. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  material  is  steadily  coming  into  more 
general  recognition  and  favor  for  these  uses.  For  a  few  special  uses 
it  is  more  or  less  disqualified;  as  an  instance,  it  is  not  suited  for  con- 


8In  this  summary  of  the  uses  and  properties  of  magnesia  cement  we  have  drawn 
freely  from  the  following  references : 

Eng.  Soc.  Western  Pennsylvania  Proc,  1913,  vol.  29,  pp.  305-338,  418-444; 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  Mineral  Resources,  1913,  Part  II,  pp.  450-453. 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  51 

struction  of  swimming  tanks  or  for  conditions  of  permanent  wetness, 
since  under  constant  immersion  it  gradually  softens,  although  it  is 
said  to  withstand  intermittent  wetting  and  drying  and  is  recommended 
for  shower  baths.  Naturally  it  is  not  acid-proof  and  not  wholly  alkali- 
proof,  which  might  be  a  disadvantage  in  use  for  laboratory  floors  and 
tables;  but  these  are  rather  special  requirements.  Its  cost  per  square 
foot  is  given  as  25  to  33  cents,  depending  on  area,  which  is  estimated  to 
be  lower  than  marble,  cork,  rubber,  clay  or  mosaic  tile,  slate,  or  terrazzo, 
although  more  expensive  than  wood,  asphalt,  linoleum,  or  Portland 
cement. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  subject  the  causes  of  failure  are  ascribed 
to  uncertain  climatic  changes,  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  mixtures  used, 
lack  of  care  on  the  part  of  those  handling  the  materials,  possible  deter- 
ioration of  materials  used  through  exposure  (either  before  or  after 
mixing),  lack  of  proper  preparation  of  foundations  on  which  the 
material  is  to  be  laid,  and,  as  a  very  important  factor,  experience  or 
nonexperience  in  the  manipulation  or  actual  laying  and  troweling  of  the 
material.  Data  concerning  the  percentages  of  magnesium  chloride  and 
of  ground  calcined  magnesia  and  data  concerning  the  character  and 
quantity  of  filler  and  color  added  to  the  commercial  preparations  are 
naturally  guarded  as  trade  secrets  by  the  firms  already  in  the  business. 
The  examination  and  standardization  of  the  raw  materials  used,  and  of 
acceptable  filler  materials,  and  the  establishment  of  standard  propor- 
tions for  the  mixtures  w^ould  seem  to  be  about  the  only  satisfactory  way 
of  attacking  the  problem. 

The  condition  of  the  calcination  of  magnesite  for  cement  uses  is 
important,  as  the  same  material  may  undoubtedly  be  very  greatly 
varied  in  its  reacting  properties  by  differing  treatment  in  the  kiln.  It 
is  generally  agreed  that  the  magnesite  for  cement  use  must  be  com- 
paratively free  from  lime,  as  lime  has  a  greater  tendency  to  reabsorb 
water  and  carbon  dioxide  than  the  magnesia,  thereby  causing  swelling, 
and  is  therefore  not  so  permanent  in  the  completed  cement  as  a  pure 
magnesia  material.  The  fillers  used  may  constitute  10%  to  40% 
of  the  whole  cement,  and  commonly  consist  of  ground  marble,  sand, 
sawdust,  cork,  asbestos,  or  other  materials.  As  an  example  of  the 
formulas  used  in  mixing  such  cements  the  following  are  quoted :® 

Mixtures  for  the  underlying  or  coarser  layer. 

[Parts  by  weight] 
1.  15  parts  magnesia. 

10  parts  magnesium  chloride  solution,  20°  Baum^. 
10  parts  moist  sawdust. 
(Sets  in  36  hours.) 


'Scherer,  Robert — Der  Magrneslt,  sein  Vorkommen,  seine  Gewinnung  und  technlsche 
Verwertung,  pp.  216-217,  A.  Hartleben's  Bibliothek,  Wien  und  Leipzig,  1908. 


52  MINERxVL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

2.  10  parts  magnesia. 

10  parts  magnesium  chloride  solution,  28°  Baum6. 
5  parts  sawdust. 

(Sets  in  16  hours.) 

3.  20  parts  magnesia. 

15  parts  magnesium  chloride  solution,  20°  Baum6. 

4  parts  ground  cork. 

(Sets  in  24  hours.) 

4.  5  parts  magnesia. 

3  parts  magnesium  chloride  solution,  20°  Baumg. 

5  parts  ashes. 

(Sets  in  24  hours.) 

Mixtures  for  overlying  or  surface  layers. 

[Parts  by  weight.] 

1.  40  parts  magnesia. 

33  parts  magnesium  chloride  solution,  19°  Bauni6. 
10  parts  asbestos  powder. 

5  parts  wood  flour. 

1  part  red  ocher. 
(Sets  in  24  hours.) 

2.  25  parts  magnesia. 

25  parts  magnesium  chloride,  21°  Baume. 

4i  parts  wood  flour,  impregnated  with  4i  parts  Terpcntinharzliisung. 
15  parts  yellow  ocher. 
(Sets  in  30  hours.) 

The  magnesite  used  is,  as  explained,  the  fine  ground  calcined  (not 
dead-burned)  of  certain  specified  kinds  or  place  of  derivation  regu- 
larly^ sold  for  the  plastic  purposes.  This  material  commonly  comes  in 
paper-lined  casks,  barrels,  or  boxes,  in  which  form  it  is  fairly  per- 
manent, but  it  deteriorates  by  exposure,  absorbing  carbonic  acid  and 
moisture  from  the  air.  If  carefully  handled  it  can  probably  be  kept 
unopened  a  year  or  more,  but  it  should  be  used  within  a  few  weeks 
after  being  opened,  even  under  most  favorable  conditions. 

Output  and  Value. 

In  considering  mineral  production  the  vahie  of  the  crude  material  is 
used  as  far  as  practicable.  IMagnesite  presents  a  peculiar  example  of  a 
material  which  previous  to  the  present  activity  was  seldom  handled  on 
the  market  in  the  crude  state.  It  is  ordinarily  calcined  and  ground 
before  being  considered  marketable.  The  value  of  the  calcined  magne- 
site varies,  the  San  Francisco  price  for  1915  ranging  from  $25  to  $45 
per  ton,  which  figure  includes  about  $4  per  ton  freight.  From  2  to  2^ 
tons  of  the  crude  material  are  mined  to  make  one  ton  of  the  calcined. 
In  previous  reports  the  foregoing  circumstances  were  used  in  calculating 
an  arbitrary  value  for  the  crude  material  at  the  mine,  there  having 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


53 


been  very  little  product  shipped  crude.  On  a  similar  basis,  the  value 
of  the  1915  crude  would  have  been  approximately  $16  per  ton.  On 
the  contrary,  however,  considerable  tonnages  were  in  1915  shipped  in 
the  crude  state,  contracted  for  at  prices  ranging  from  $7  to  $11  per 
ton,  f.  0.  b.  rail  points,  or  an  average  of  about  $9  per  ton. 

Magnesite  products  have  been  found  to  be  highly  satisfactory  and 
are  growing  in  popularity,  and  the  future  for  this  industry  appears 
to  be  bright.  A  large  supply  is  already  known  to  exist  in  California, 
and  only  a  sufficient  demand  and  cheaper  transportation  are  lacking 
to  make  this  an  item  of  greater  consequence  in  the  mineral  total  of  the 
state. 

Production  of  crude  magnesite  for  1915,  by  county,  is  given  in  the 
following  table,  with  total  crude  value.  Approximately  11,000  tons 
were  shipped  in  the  calcined  form,  representing  about  two-thirds  of  t)ie 
total : 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Fresno  and  Kern* .  .  _ ....        .       .        

6,850 

1,050 

7,623 

■       3,624 

11,574 

$60,450 

Napa   -. -----                         _-_----    .- 

9,450 

Santa  Clara ------           

74,607 

Sonoma - —    -_    

34,788 

Tulare   

104,166 

Totals     

30.721 

$283,461 

♦Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  producer  in  each. 


Annual  production  for  California,  amount  and  value,  since  1887,  is 
shown  in  the  following  tabulation  : 


Tear 


1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 


Tons 


600 
600 
600 
600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,093 
1,440 
2.200 
1,500 
1,143 
1,263 
1,280 
2,252 
4,726 
2,830 


Value 


Tear 


$9,000 
9,000 
9,000 
9,000 
15,000 
15,000 
10,930 
10,210 
17,000 
11.000 
13,671 
19,075 
18.480 
19,333 
43,057 
20,655 


1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


Tons 


Value 


1,361 

$20,515 

2,850 

9,298 

3,933 

16,221 

4,032 

40,320 

6,405 

57,720 

10,582 

80,822 

7,942 

62,588 

16,570 

113,887 

8,858 

67,430 

10,512 

105,120 

9,632 

77,056 

11,438 

114,380 

30,721 

283,461 

Totals  149,963      $1,298,259 


54 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


MARBLE. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Report  XII.     Bulletin  38. 

Marble  is  widely  distributed  in  California;  and  in  a  considerable 
variety  of  colors  and  grain.  During  1915,  the  production  amounted  to 
22,186  cubic  feet,  valued  at  $41,518,  from  Inyo,  San  Bernardino,  Siski- 
you and  Tuolumne  counties.  Included  in  the  output  of  Siskiyou  County 
is  a  small  amount  of  rhodonite  which  was  used  for  decorative  purposes. 

The  decrease  in  output  of  marble  the  past  two  years  is  doubtless 
a  reflection  of  the  laxity  in  building  operations,  which  is  shown  by  some 
of  the  other  structural  materials,  also.  It  is  also  probably  due  in  part 
to  the  fact  that  foreign,  eastern  and  Alaskan  marbles  are  landed  here 
by  water  cheaper  than  much  of  our  local  stone  can  be  put  on  the  market, 
on  account  of  our  higher  labor  costs  and  transportation  difficulties. 

Data  on  annual  production  since  1887,  as  compiled  by  the  State 
Mining  Bureau,  follows.  Previous  to  1894  no  records  of  amount  were 
preserved : 


Year 

Cubic  feet 

Value 

Year 

Cubic  feet 

Value 

1887     -   .  .   

$5,000 

5,000 

87.030 

80,000 

100,000 

115,000 

40,000 

98,326 

56,566 

32,415 

7,280 

23,594 

10,550 

5,891 

4,630 

37,616 

1903 

84,624 
55,401 
73,303 
31,400 
37,512 
18,653 
79.600 
18.960 
20.201 
27,820 
41,654 
25,436 
22,186 

$97,354 

1888      .   

1904 

94,208 

1889             -  - 

1905 

129,450 

1890     -      . 

1906 

75.800 

1891                -  

1907 

118.066 

1892           -  -' 

1908   

47,665 

1893 !  - 

1909 

238,400 

1894   ^         ...    

38,441 
14.864 
7,889 
4,102 
8,050 
9,682 
4.103 
2,945 
19.305 

1910   .    -  .   . 

50,200 

1895 

1896 ■- 

1911 

1912   .   . 

54.103 
74.120 

1897 

1913 

113,282 

1898 

1914  .  . 

48.832 

1899 

1915  .- „- 

41,518 

1900 

1901 

1902 

Total  value  ._  _ 

$1,891,896 

ONYX  AND  TRAVERTINE. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Report  XII.     Bulletin  38. 
Onyx  and  travertine  are  known  to  exist  in  a  number  of  places  in 
California,  but  there  has  been  no  production  reported  since  the  year 
1896. 

Production  by  years  is  as  follows: 


Year 

Value 

Year 

Value 

1887  ....  

$900 
900 
900 
1,500 
2,400 
1.800 

1893  

1894  

1895  

1896  

Total  .. 

$27,000 

1888  

20.000 

1889  

12,000 

1890 

24,000 

1891 

1892  

$91,400 

STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


55 


SANDSTONE. 
Bihliography:  State  iMineralogist  Report  XII.     Bulletin  38.     Re- 
port on  Colusa,  etc.,  counties,  1915. 
An  unlimited  amount  of  high  grade  sandstone  is  available  in  Cali- 
fornia, but  the  wide  use  of  concrete  in  buildings  of  every  character, 
as  well  as  the  popularity  of  a  lighter  colored  building  stone,   has 
retarded  this  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  very  seriously  during 
recent  years.     In  1915  five  counties — Napa,  San  Mateo,  Santa  Barbara, 
Siskiyou,  and  Ventura — turned  out  63,350  cubic  feet,  valued  at  $8,438, 
which  is  a  considerable  drop  from  the  previous  year.     The  main  feature 
of  the  loss  is  the  closing  of  the  well  known  Colusa  quarries,  on  account 
of  the  competition  of  lighter  colored  materials. 

Amount  and  value,  as  far  as  contained  in  the  records  of  this  Bureau, 
are  presented  herewith,  with  total  value  from  1887  to  date : 


Tear 

Cubic  feet 

Value 

Year 

Cubic  feet 

Value 

1887 

L 

'"56'264" 
1  378,468 
1  266,741 
212,123 

$175,000 

150,000 

175,598 

100,000 

100,000 

50,000 

26,314 

113,592 

35,373 

28,379 

24,086 

46,384 

103,384 

254,140 

192,132 

142.506 

1903 

353,002 

363,487 

302,813 

182,076 

159,573 

93,301 

79,240 

165,971 

255,313 

66,487 

62,227 

111,691 

63,350 

$585,309 

1888 

1904  

567,181 

1889 

1890 

1905 

1906 

483,268 
164,068 

1891 

1907 

148,148 

1892 

1908 

55,151 

1893 

1909 

37,032 

1894 

1910 

80,443 

1895     -   - 

1911 

127,314 

1896 

1912   

22,574 

1897 

1913 

27,870 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1914 

1915 

Total  value 

45,322 
8,438 

$4,069,006 

SERPENTINE. 
Bibliography:  Bulletin  38. 
Serpentine  has  not  been  produced  in  California  at  any  time,  to  a 
very  large  extent,  owing  to  defects  in  the  stone,  most  of  which  is  not  of 
good  texture. 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  and  value  of  serpentine  since 
1895  as  recorded  by  this  Bureau: 


Tear 


Cubic  feet 


Value 


Tear 


Cubic  feet 


Value 


1895 
1896 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 


4,000 

$4,000  1 

1,500 

6,000 

2,500 

2,500 

750 

3,000 

500 

2,000 

350 

2,000 

89 

890 

512 

5,065 

1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 


200 


$800 
2,310 


Totals 


847 
1,000 


12,347 


1,694 
3.000 


$33,259 


56 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


SLATE. 

Bibliography:  Bulletin  38. 

Slate  was  first  produced  in  California  in  1889.  Up  to  and  includ- 
ing 1910  such  production  was  continuous,  there  being  none  between 
that  year  and  1915,  when  there  was  an  output  of  1,000  squares 
reported,  valued  at  $5,000.  Many  large  deposits  are  known  in  the 
state,  especially  in  El  Dorado,  Calaveras  and  INIariposa  counties,  but 
the  demand  has  been  light  owing  principally  to  competition  of  cheaper 
roofing  materials. 

The  property  of  the  Eureka  Slate  Company  in  El  Dorado  has 
recently  been  taken  over  by  the  Sierra  Slate  Corporation  of  New  York, 
and,  it  is  stated,  will  be  operated  on  a  large  scale.  This  will  be  the 
only  quarry  producing  roofing  slate,  commercially,  west  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. This  Eureka  roofing  slate  has  been  passed  upon  as  one  of 
three  brands  acceptable  on  Federal  work,  the  other  two  being  from 
Maine  and  Pennsylvania,  respectively. 

The  new  company  expects  to  prepare  for  market  from  1,000  to 
3,000  squares  per  month.  A  "square"  of  roofing  slate  is  a  sufficient 
number  of  pieces  of  any  size  to  cover  100  square  feet  of  roof,  with 
allowance  generally  for  a  three-inch  lap.  The  size  of  the  pieces  of 
slate  making  up  a  square  ranges  from  7x9  inches  to  16  x  24  inches, 
and  the  number  of  pieces  in  a  "square"  ranges  from  85  to  686;  and 
it  is  worth  $3.50  to  $10  per  square,  f.  o.  b.  quarry,  depending  on 
quality.  The  Ferry  Building,  San  Francisco,  is  roofed  with  Eureka 
slate. 

A  complete  record  of  amount  and  value  of  slate  produced  in  Cali- 
fornia follows: 


Tear 


Squares 


Value 


Tear 


Squares 


Value 


1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 


4,500 

4,000 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

1.800 

1,350 

500 

400 

400 

810 

3.500 

5,100 

4,000 

10,000 


$18,089 

24,000 

24.000 

21,000 

21,000 

11,700 

9.450 

2.500 

2,800 

2,800 

5.900 

26,250 

38,250 

30.000 

70,000 


1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


Totals 


6,000 
4,000 
10,000 
7,000 
6.000 
6,961 
1,000 


1,000 


88,821 


$50,000 

•  40,000 

100,000 

60,000 

60,000 

45.660 

8,000 


5,000 


$676,399 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION.  57 

MISCELLANEOUS  STONE. 
Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Report  XII.     Bulletin  38. 

Miscellaneous  stone  is  the  name  used  throughout  this  report  as  the 
title  for  that  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  covering  crushed  rock  of 
all  kinds,  granite,  paving  blocks,  sand  and  gravel,  and  pebbles  for 
grinding  mills.  The  foregoing  are  very  closely  related  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  producer.  The  quarry  which  produces  granite 
blocks  this  year  may  have  a  commercial  output  of  crushed  rock  next, 
or  its  product  may  regularly  consist  of  both  classes  of  material.  Thus 
it  has  been  found  to  be  most  satisfactory  to  group  these  items  as  has 
been  done  in  recent  reports  of  this  Bureau.  In  so  far  as  it  has  been 
possible  to  do  so,  granite  and  cru.shed  rock  production  has  been  sub- 
divided into  the  various  uses  to  Avhich  the  product  was  put.  It  will 
be  noted,  liowever,  that  in  both  instances  a  very  large  percentage  of 
the  output  has  been  tabulated  under  the  heading  ''Unclassified." 
This  is  necessary  because  of  the  fact  that  many  of  the  producers 
have  no  way  of  telling  to  what  specific  use  their  rock  was  put  after 
they  have  quarried  and  sold  the  same. 

In  addition  to  amounts  produced  by  coinmercial  firms,  both  cor- 
porations and  individuals,  there  is  hardly  a  county  in  the  state  but 
uses  more  or  less  gravel  and  broken  rock  on  its  roads.  Of  much  of 
this,  particularly  in  the  country  districts,  there  is  no  definite  record 
kept.  Estimates  have  been  made  for  some  of  this  output,  based  on 
the  mileage  of  roads  repaired. 

For  the  year  1915,  stone  shows  an  increase  over  the  preceding  year, 
but  not  sufficient  to  restore  it  to  the  level  of  the  1913  output.  Appar- 
ently construction  work  is  recovering  from  the  slump  in  1914,  but 
has  not  fully  regained  its  stride.  The  total  value  for  1915  was 
$5,011,108  as  compared  with  $4,860,358  for  1914,  and  $6,168,020  for 
1913. 

As  has  been  the  case  for  several  years  past,  Los  Angeles  County  led 
all  others  by  a  wide  margin,  with  an  output  valued  at  $1,022,134; 
followed  by  Alameda,  second,  with  $457,381 ;  Contra  Costa,  third, 
$397,330;  and  Humboldt  fourth,  $335,292.  Sacramento,  Riverside, 
Fresno  and  Sonoma  were  also  important  producers,  in  the  order 
named. 

The  bulletin  of  the  Association  of  American  Portland  Cement  IManu- 
facturers,  November,  1915,  relative  to  building  permits  during  the 
first  11  months  of  1915,  indicated  the  following:  Seven  cities  in  Cali- 
fornia, Nevada,  Utah,  and  Arizona  showed  a  decrease  of  34.8%  in 
valuation  from  same  period  of  1914,  November,  1915,  however,  show- 
ing an  increase.     A  total  of  85   cities  in  the   entire  United   States 


58 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA, 


showed  a  net  decrease  up  to  August,  followed  by  increases,  so  that 
there  was  a  net  increase  of  2.1%  for  11  months  over  1914. 

In  California,  the  general  construction  situation  in  1915  appeared 
about  normal  so  far  as  small  jobs  were  concerned ;  but  there  were  no 
large  pieces  of  work  done  except  highway  contracts. 

Granite. 

The  output  of  granite,  particularly  for  building  and  ornamental  pur- 
poses, was  very  materially  curtailed  by  a  strike  of  the  granite  cutters 
which  started  in  June  and  lasted  practically  throughout  the  balance 
of  the  year. 

Granite    Production,    by    Counties,   for   1915. 


Building  stone 

Monumental 

Curbing 

Unclassified 

Total 
value 

County 

Cubic 
feet 

Value 

Cubic 
feet 

Value 

Linear 
feet 

Value 

Cubic 
feet 

Value 

Fresno       

2,965 

100 

19,093 

$16,263 

100 

13,364 

$16,263 

Humboldt 

::::::::::::: 

100 

Madera 

122,689 

$65,822 

7,781 
14,686 
57,887 

$5,446 

1,172 

41,854 

81,632 

Xapa           ..    -    ... 

240,000 
6,916 

$3,500 
5,256 

4,672 

Placer       

31,113 

900 

11.968 

23,215 

350 

4,596 

10,587 

800 

4,365 

15,111 
1,500 
3,303 

85,466 

Plumas 

1.850 

Riverside    . 

7,000 

3,600 

250 

1,244 

S3,900 

400 

249 

1,350 

11,899 

Sacramento 

249 

San  Bernardino  -. 

21,630 
1,600 

4,998 
2,000 

5,000 

500 

6,848 

San  Diego 

5,300 

6,300 

8,300 

San   Luis   ObisDO 

*1,200 

1,200 

1,200 

T\ilare 

1,305 

979 

456 

570 

3,063 

4,900 

6,449 

Totals       

191.205 

$101,990 

43,666 

$56,511 

85,417 

$57,472 

53,510 

$11,955 

$227,528 

^Basalt. 

-Tuff;  rough  ash 
"Includes  a  stone 
^Includes  some  ai 

lar  for  v 
used  as 
idesite. 

palls. 
a  cement 

kiln  line 

r. 

Paving   Blocks. 

The  paving  block  industry  has  decreased  materially  of  recent  years, 
because  of  the  increased  construction  of  smoother  pavements  demanded 
by  motor  vehicle  traffic.  The  blocks  made  in  Solano  County  are  of 
basalt ;  those  from  Sonoma  of  basalt,  andesite  and  some  trachyte ;  while 
those   from   all  the   other   counties   shown   in   the  tabulation,   are   of 


granite. 


Paving  Block  Production,  by  Counties,  for  1915. 


County 


Amount, 
M 


Value 


Madera j ,_  866 

Placer 274 

Riverside   '  540 

Sacramento   10 

San  Bernardino  100 

San  Diego  75 

Sonoma  1,420 

Totals    — 3.285 


$34,633 

7,340 

26,100 

500 

5,500 

37,500 

59,519 


$171,092 


STATISTICS    OF    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


59 


Grinding  Mill  Pebbles. 

For  the  first  time  we  are  able  to  record  a  production  of  pebbles  for 
tube  and  other  grrinding  mills.  Owing  to  the  decreased  imports  and 
higher  prices  of  Belgium  and  other  European  flint  pebbles,  there  has 
been  a  serious  inquiry  for  domestic  sources  of  supply. 

One  shipment  was  made  of  pebbles  selected  from  gold  dredger  tail- 
ings in  Sacramento  County,  for  use  in  a  gold  mill  in  Amador  County 
employing  Hardinge  mills.  It  is  stated  that  the  consumption  was 
about  3  to  1  as  compared  to  Danish  pebbles ;  and  that  the  long  wagon 
haul,  coupled  with  the  heavy  consumption,  made  the  cost  not  economic. 
Had  the  pebbles  been  selected  by  men  with  some  knowledge  of  rocks, 


Grinding  mill  pebbles,  on  beach  at  Bird  Rock,  near  San  Diego,   California. 

instead  of  by  inexperienced  laborers  as  in  this  case,  a  better  grade 
would  have  been  obtained,  which  no  doubt  would  have  proven  of  better 
service. 

The  important  development  in  this  item,  however,  has  been  in  San 
Diego  County.  At  several  points  along  the  ocean  shore  from  Encinitas 
south  to  near  San  Diego,  there  are  beaches  of  washed  pebbles  varying 
from  1  inch  to  6  inches  in  diameter.  At  one  of  these  localities  visited 
by  the  writer  in  May,  1916,  there  is  a  conglomerate  stratum  forming 
a  part  of  the  sea-cliff.  This  conglomerate  is  made  up  of  well-rounded 
water-Avorn  pebbles  of  various  granitic  and  porphyritic  rocks  with  some 
felsite  and  flint.     The  wave  action  has  broken  down  portions  of  the 


60 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


cliffs  for  considerable  distances  and  formed  beaches  of  the  pebbles, 
which  are  well  washed  and  cleaned  of  the  softer  materials.  The  rocks 
sorted  out  for  shipment  are  mainly  basalt  and  diabase,  with  an  occa- 
sional felsite  and  flint  pebble.  There  is  a  tough,  black  basalt  which  is 
stated  to  be  giving  satisfactory  results.  Shipments  are  being  made  to 
metallurgical  plants  in  California,  Nevada  and  Montana. 


Grinding    Mill    Pebbles    Production,   for   1915. 


County 


Tons 


Value 


Sacramento  and  San  Diego. 


340 


$2,810 


Sand  and  Gravel  Production,  by  Counties,  for  1915. 


County 


Tons 


Alameda '  *899,979 

Amador    1,000 

Butte  172,545 

Calaveras  1,200 

Colusa    15,000 

Contra  Costa  ..-  159,289 

Del  Norte  1,000 

El  Dorado 32,000 

Fresno    194,299 

Glenn  526,035 

Humboldt  -_-—.-  5,000 

Imperial 10,570 

Kern  63,070 

Lake  13,500 

Los  Angeles 1,160,636 

Madera  10,615 

Marin  5,850 

Mendocino    2,000 

Monterey  92,961 

Napa    148.926 

Orange 55,348 

Riverside 9,604 

Sacramento 207,802 


Value 


County 


Tons 


Value 


$265,271  i  San  Benito |  2,926  $1,100 

300  San  Bernardino  ..  11,053  5,140 

20,367     San  Diego *120,692  70,993 

400  San  Francisco  —  50O  750 

1,000     San  Joaquin 43,240  21,620 

86,360  San  Luis  Obispo.  46,436  11,635 

500     San  Mateo  27,661  7,928 

7,000  Santa  Barbara  ..  7,800  5,400 

78,869     Santa  Clara  148,805  50,556 

46,526     Shasta    2.036  918 

3,025     Siskiyou    62,769  4,380 

2,642     Solano 1,000  400 

5,393     Sonoma    77,934  25,745 

5,000     Stanislaus    8,610  2,250 

321,801     Tehama    2,000  750 

1,242     Trinity  500  700 

1,463     Tulare  10,000  3,000 

1,000     Tuolumne   1.000  400 

28,949     Yolo    3.000  1,200 

70,016     Yuba 815,698  149,292 

9.027  I                                      I 

8,621  j                                      i ■ 

40.321   I         Totals   5,160,659        $1,369,250 


*Includes  molding  sand. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


61 


t-«  o  o  « 


^s  t^4fe8.S  S  S_-»  S£  S?  S  £  f^S  a  00  «5  S  «  S  »  S.S  5_^ '?:.» -n.* '~.«--'^  =^  ■-.^-'^  -'."i*°. 


OQOOOO2C0 


S 


62 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Total  value  of  production  of  "Miscellaneous  Stone,"  by  counties, 
for  1915,  compared  with  1914,  showing  increase  or  decrease  in  each 
instance : 


County 


1914 


1915 


Increase 


Decrease 


Alameda  

Amador  

Butte   

Calaveras   

Colusa  

Contra  Costa  

Del  Norte 

El  Dorado  

Fresno  

Glenn    

Humboldt    

Imperial  

Kern    

Lake   

Lassen  

Los  Angeles 

Madera   

Marin  

Mariposa   

Mendocino 

Modoc    

Monterey   

Napa  

Nevada    

Orange  

Placer    

Plumas   

Riverside  

Sacramento    

San  Benito 

San  Bernardino  - 

San  Diego  

San  Francisco  ..- 

San  Joaquin  

San  Luis  Obispo. 

San  Mateo 

Santa  Barbara  . 

Santa  Clara  

Santa  Cruz  

Shasta  

Siskiyou  

Solano  

Sonoma  

Stanislaus 

Tehama  

Trinity    

Tulare   

Tuolumne    

Ventura  

Yolo    

Yuba  


$381,135 

50,895 


308,727 
3,250 
2,600 

237,963 
30,553 

208.204 


775 

953.434 

192,764 

490,137 

15,366 

560 


39,202 

130,316 

2,108 

88,315 
203,593 
1,879 
206,802 
253,235 
110,630 
131,978 
210,250 
119,889 

19,440 


34,648 

15,300 

39.093 

4,276 

125 

5,371 

71.288 

276,516 

3.096 


1,750 


14,895 


Totals  I  $4,860,358 

Net  increase 


$457,381 
1,300 
67,143 
1,900 
1,000 
397,330 
3,500 
7,500 
193,705  - 
46,526 
335,292 
40,095 
59,319 
5,000 
870 
1,022,134 
122,272  . 
101,528  - 
17,214 
1,500 
300 
32,799  . 
108,387  . 
500  . 
9,027  . 
98.187  . 
5,431 
213,440 
284,127 
155.000 
178,528 
163,723  . 
128,270 
21,620 
99,475 
93,391 
13,900  - 
98,342 
6.794 
1.418 
4,630  . 
37,576  . 
177,917  . 
2,250  . 
750 
900 
36.851  \ 
1,900  I 
2,674 
1,200 
149,292  I 


$5,011,108 


15,973 

127,088 

40,095 

59,319 

5,000 

95 

68,700 


1.848 
940 
30O 


3,552 

6,633 

30,892 

44,370 

46,550 

8,381 

2,180 

99,475 

58,743 

59,249 
2,518 
1,293 


750 

900 

35,101 

1,900 

2.674 

1.200 

134,397 


$150,750 


$44,258 


70,492 
388,609 


6,403 
21,929 

1,603 

79,288 

105,406 


46.527 


1.400 


741 
33,712 
98,599 

846 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


63 


CHAPTER  FIVE. 

INDUSTRIAL  MATERIALS. 

The  following  mineral  substances  have  been  arbitrarily  arranged 
under  the  general  heading  of  "Industrial  Materials,"  as  distinguished 
from  those  which  have  a  clearly  defined  classification,  such  as  metals, 
salines,  structural  materials,  etc. 

These  materials,  many  of  which  are  mineral  earths,  are  produced  on 
a  comparatively  small  scale  at  the  present  time.  Almost  without  excep- 
tion the  possibilities  of  development  along  these  lines  are  practically 
unlimited;  and  with  increasing  transportation,  and  other  facilities, 
together  with  a  steadily  growing  demand,  the  future  for  this  branch 
of  the  mineral  industry  in  California  is  certainly  promising.  There  is 
scarcely  a  county  in  the  state  but  might  contribute  to  the  output. 

To  date,  production  has  been  in  the  majority  of  instances  dependent 
upon  more  or  less  of  a  strictly  local  market,  and  the  following  data 
will  show  the  results  of  such  a  condition,  not  only  in  the  widely  vary- 
ing amounts  of  a  certain  material  produced  from  year  to  year,  but  in 
widely  varying  prices  of  the  same  material,  often,  in  different  sections 
of  the  state.  Furthermore,  the  quality  of  this  general  class  of  material 
will  be  found  to  fluctuate,  even  in  the  same  deposit,  especially  as 
regards  price.  The  war  in  Europe  has  affected  some  of  these  items, 
but  not  to  the  striking  degree  that  it  has  the  metal  markets. 

The  following  summary  shows  the  value  of  the  industrial  materials 
produced  in  California  during  the  years  1914-1915,  with  increase  or 
decrease  in  each  instance : 


Substance 


1914. 
value 


1915. 
value 


Increase, 
value 


Decrease, 
value 


Asbestos 

Barytes 

Clay— pottery  .-. 

Dolomite    

Feldspar    

Fuller's  earth  ... 

Gems  

Gypsum  

Infusorial  earth 

Limestone  

Lithia    


paint 
water 


Mineral 
Mineral 

Pumice 

Pyrite    

Silica — sand  and  quartz. 
Soapstone  and  talc 


$1,530 

3,000 

167,552 


16,565 

5,928 

3,970 

78,375 

80.350 

517,713 


847 

476,169 

1,000 

230,058 

22.688 

4.500 


I 


$2,860 

620 

133,724 

14,504 

9.000 

4,002 

3,565 

48,953 

62,000 

156.288 

1.365 

1,756 

467,738 

6,400 

29.3,148 

34,322 

14,750 


$1,330 


14,504 


Totals    $1,610,245      $1,254,995 

Net  decrease  


1,365 
909 

5,400 
63,090 
11,634 
10,250 


$2,380 
33,828 


7,565 

1,926 

405 

29.422 

18.350 

361,425 


8.431 


$355,250 


G4  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

ASBESTOS. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII.     Bulletin  38. 

Though  asbestos  of  various  grades  is  known  to  exist  Avidely  distri- 
buted in  California,  the  production  for  the  year  1915  was  143  tons, 
valued  at  $2,860,  the  combined  result  of  several  small  shipments  from 
a  number  of  localities,  including  Placer,  Calaveras,  Alameda,  and  Contra 
Costa  counties.  One  firm  has  established  a  grinding  and  fiberizing 
plant  in  Oakland,  and  is  now  manufacturing  a  series  of  products  in 
which  both  asbestos  and  magnesite  play  a  part.  These  include  steam 
pipe  covering,  composition  flooring,  and  plaster  for  stucco  work.  The 
outlook  is  for  a  decided  increase  in  the  output  of  these  materials  during 
the  coming  year. 

The  real  history  of  the  development  and  use  of  asbestos  dates  back 
only  about  sixty  years.  Since  that  time  the  investigation  as  to  its 
occurrence,  uses,  and  methods  of  treatment  has  been  continuous,  and 
its  application  to  everyday  life  has  grown  with  wonderful  rapidity. 
The  first  mill  built  to  handle  the  crude  ore  and  extract  the  fibre  on  a 
large  scale  by  machinery  was  constructed  in  1888. 

The  first  production  of  asbestos  in  California  was  in  1887,  when 
30  tons  were  mined,  having  a  crude  value  of  $60  per  ton,  according  to 
the  State  Mining  Bureau  reports. 

The  bulk  of  the  world's  supply  of  this  mineral  today  comes  from 
Canada;  and  Canadian  asbestos,  so  far,  leads  in  quality  as  well  as  in 
quantity. 

Classification  and  Characteristics. 

The  word  "asbestos"  (derived  from  the  Greek  meaning  incom- 
bustible) as  used  here  includes  several  minerals,  from  a  strictly  mineral- 
ogical  standpoint.  There  are  two  main  divisions,  however;  amphi- 
bole  and  chrysotile.  The  fibrous  varieties  of  several  of  the  amphiboles 
(silicates  chiefly  of  lime,  magnesia  and  iron),  notably  tremolite  and 
actinolite,  are  called  asbestos.  Their  fibres  usually  lie  parallel  to  the 
fissures  containing  them.  Amphibole  asbestos  possesses  high  refrac- 
tory properties,  but  lacks  strength  of  fibre,  and  is  applicable  principally 
for  covering  steam  pipes  and  boilers.  Chrysotile,  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
magnesia,  is  a  fibrous  form  of  serpentine,  and  often  of  silky  fineness. 
Its  fibres  are  formed  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  fissures  con- 
taining them.  Chrysotile  fibres,  though  short,  have  considerable 
strength  and  elasticity,  and  may  be  spun  into  threads  and  woven  into 
cloth. 

To  bring  the  highest  market  price  asbestos  must  needs  have  a  com- 
bination of  properties,  i.  e.,  length  and  fineness  of  fibre,  tensile  strength 
and  flexibility — all  combined  with  infusibility.     Of  these  qualities  the 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  65 

most  important  are  toughness  and  infusibility,  and  determination  of 
the  same  can  only  be  made  by  practical  tests  or  in  the  laborator3^ 
Given  several  specimens  of  the  same  tensile  strength  and  degree  of 
infusibility,  the  one  having  the  longest  fibre  will,  of  course,  be  of  the 
greatest  value.  It  must  be  kept  in  mind,  however,  that  length  of  fibre 
alone,  the  characteristic  which  most  naturally  appeals  to  the  eye,  is  not 
the  final  test  in  regard  to  the  commercial  value  of  the  find;  and  much 
short  fibre  asbestos,  which  on  first  appearance  is  of  inferior  grade,  is 
being  sold  and  profitably  handled  at  the  present  time. 

The  largest  Canadian  asbestos  deposits  are  worked  as  open  quarries 
where  the  ore  is  roughly  sorted  before  being  sent  to  the  mill  to  be 
dressed  for  the  market.  This  method  has  been  found  to  be  cheaper 
and  more  satisfactory  in  every  way. 

The  milling  of  asbestos  ore,  while  more  or  less  complicated  in  actual 
practice,  is  easy  to  understand  and  has  one  well-defined  object  in  view: 
That  is,  the  complete  eradication  of  all  foreign  rock  ingredients  and 
the  thorough  cleaning  and  separation  of  the  fibres. 

Asbestos,  roughly  speaking,  is  worth  from  $20  to  $200  per  ton.  The 
poorer  grades  which  are  unsuitable  for  weaving,  and  which,  of  course, 
command  the  lower  prices,  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  steam  pack- 
ing, furnace  linings,  asbestos  brick,  wall  plasters,  paints,  tilings, 
asbestos  board,  shingles,  insulating  material,  etc.  The  better  grades  are 
utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  tapestries  of  various  kinds,  fireproof 
theater  curtains,  cloth,  rope,  etc. 

A  very  important  development  of  the  asbestos  industry  is  the  rapidly 
increasing  demand  for  the  lower  grade  material,  on  account  of  the 
numerous  diversified  uses  to  which  asbestos  products  are  being  put,  in 
almost  every  branch  of  manufacture.  This  fact  means  that  many 
deposits  of  asbestos  will  become  commercially  important  even  though 
the  grade  of  the  material  is  far  from  the  best. 

It  has  been  discovered  only  recently  that  not  only  does  an  asbestos 
wall  plaster  render  the  wall  so  covered  impervious  to  heat,  but  that  in 
rooms  which  have  given  forth  an  undesirable  echo  this  evil  has  been 
absolutely  removed.  Asbestos  pulp  mixed  with  cement  and  magnesite 
has  been  experimented  with  in  the  East;  and  roofing,  flooring,  and 
other  building  material  of  the  most  satisfactory  sort  has  been  manu- 
factured therefrom. 

Value    and    Production. 

The  value  of  the  domestic  production  of  asbestos  has  averaged  around 
$43,000  annually,  the  past  ten  years,  except  1911,  which  was  approx- 
imately $120,000.  The  imports,  largely  from  Canada,  for  1915 
amounted  to  $1,407,758,  according  to  U.  S.  G.  S.  Mineral  Resources, 
1915.  This  value  is  for  crude  material;  adding  the  imported  manu- 
factured asbestos  articles  the  figure  amounts  to  $1,776,102, 

5—25437 


66 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


With  the  field  for  development  along  these  lines  which  is  open  in 
California,  it  seems  almost  certain  that  some  time  in  the  future  will 
see  this  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  adding  its  share  to  the  total 
of  the  wealth  and  productiveness  of  this  state. 

Total  amount  and  value  of  asbestos  production  in  California  since 
1887,  as  given  in  the  records  of  this  Bureau,  are  as  follows: 


Tear 


i      Tons 


Value 


Tear 


Tons 


Value 


1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 


30 

$1,800 

30 

1.800 

30 

1,800 

71 

4,260 

66 

3,960 

30 

1,830 

50 

2,500 

50 

2.250 

25 

1,000 

200 

750 

1,250 

4,400 


1903 

1904 10  $162 

1905 112  2,625 

1906 70  3,500 

1907 70  3,500 

1908  70  6,100 

1909 65  6,500 

1910 200  20,000 

1911 125  500 

1912 90  2,700 

1913 47  1,175 

1914 51  •  1,530 

1915 143  2,860 

Totals  1,635  $78,952 


BARYTES. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Eeport  XII.     Bulletin  38. 

The  output  of  crude  barytes  during  1915  was  410  tons,  valued  at 
$620,  from  Mariposa  and  Los  Angeles  counties,  as  compared  with  the 
1914  production  of  2,000  tons,  worth  $3,000.  This  indicates  a  spot  value 
of  only  $1.50  per  ton,  approximately,  for  the  1915  product.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  barytes  is  ordinaril}^  sorted  and  ground  before  being  put  on  the 
market,  and  in  this  prepared  condition  brings  from  $10  to  $15  per  ton. 
The  principal  use  of  this  material  is  in  the  paint  industry.  Minor  uses 
are  in  tanning  of  leather,  manufacture  of  paper  and  rope,  and  sugar 
refining.  A  grinding  and  chemical  plant  is  in  operation  at  Melrose, 
Alameda  County,  making  a  specialty  of  barium  compounds ;  and  another 
at  South  San  Francisco. 

Known  occurrences  of  this  mineral  in  California  are  located  in  Butte, 
Mariposa,  San  Benito,  San  Bernardino,  Shasta,  Calaveras,  Inyo  and 
Nevada  counties.  The  deposit  at  El  Portal,  in  Mariposa  County,  has 
given  the  largest  commercial  production  to  date.  The  tonnage  above 
recorded  is  in  part,  witherite  (barium  carbonate,  BaCOg)  from  El 
Portal.  This  is  the  first  commercial  production  of  the  carbonate  in  the 
United  States,  of  which  we  are  able  to  find  any  record  (as  we  pointed 
out  in  our  Press  Bulletin  35,  April  28,  1916).  The  El  Portal  witherite 
and  barite  are  both  high  grade.     The  current  year,  1916,  will  show  a 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


67 


considerable  output  from  a  new  deposit  being  opened  up  on  Fremont's 
Peak  in  San  Benito  County. 

The  first  recorded  production  of  barytes  in  California,  according  to 
the  statistical  reports  of  the  State  INIining  Bureau,  was  in  1910.  The 
annual  figures  are  as  follows: 


Year 


Tons 

1 
Value 

860 

$5,640  I 

309 

2,207 

564 

2.812 

1,600 

3,680, 

Year 


Tons 


Value 


1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 


1914 

1915 

Totals 


2,000 
410 


5,743 


3.000 
620 


$17,959 


CLAY  —POTTERY. 

BihliograpJiy:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  I,  IV,  IX,  XII.  Bulle- 
tin 38. 

At  one  time  or  another  in  the  history  of  the  state,  pottery  clay  has 
been  quarried  in  thirty-three  of  its  counties.  In  this  report  "pottery 
clay"  refers  to  all  clays  used  in  the  manufacture  of  red  and  brown 
earthenware,  flower  pots,  ornamental  tiling,  architectural  terra  cotta, 
sewer  pipe,  etc.,  and  the  figures  for  amount  and  value  are  relative 
to  the  crude  material  at  the  pit,  without  reference  to  whether  the 
clay  was  sold  in  the  crude  form,  or  whether  it  was  immediately  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  any  of  the  above  finished  products  by  the  pro- 
ducer. It  does  not  include  clay  used  in  making  brick  and  building 
blocks. 

During  1915  producers  in  seven  counties  reported  an  output  of 
157,866  tons  of  clay,  having  a  spot  value  of  $133,141  for  the  crude 
material,  as  compared  with  the  1914  production  of  179,948  tons  worth 
$167,552. 

A  tabulation  of  the  direct  returns  from  the  producers,  by  counties, 
for  the  year  1915,  is  shown  herewith: 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Used  In  manufacture  of— 

Amador   

140,156 

6,507 
49,126 

59,564 

t2,513 

$38,879 

1,511 
37,536 

54,840 
958 

Fire-clay  products;  sewer  pipe,  archi- 
tectural terra  cotta,  porcelain, 
stoneware,  pottery. 

Terra  cotta,  sewer  pipe. 

Terra  cotta,  roofing  et  al.  tile,  sewer 
and  chimney  pipe,  architectural 
terra  cotta. 

Sewer  pipe,  pottery,  terra  cotta,  etc. 

Chimney     and     vitrified     sewer     pipe, 
stoneware,  porcelain. 

Los  Angeles 

Placer  

Riverside      _. 

Alameda,    Kern,    So- 
noma*    

Totals 

157,866 

$133,724 

tincludes  kaolin.      'Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  operator  in  each. 


68 


MINERiVL   INDUSTRY    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


Amount  and  value  of  clay-pottery  output  in  California  since  1887, 
are  given  in  the  following  table: 


Year 

Tons       Value 

Year 

1 

Tons      Value 

1887 

75,000 
75,000 
75.000 
100,000 
lOO.OOO 
100,000 
24,856 
28,475 
37,660 
41,907 
24.592 
28,947 
40,600 
59,636 
55,679 
67,933 

$37,500 

1 

1903 

£0,972     $99,907 

1888 

37,500 
37,500 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
67,284 
35,073 
39,685 
62,900 
30,290 
33,747 
42,7C0 

1904      - 

84,149     81,952 

1889 

1905 

133,805     130,146 

1890 

1906   .  .   -  .  -- 

167,267     162,283 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894   -    .  -  ... 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911   

160,385    2.54,454 
208,042    325,147 
299,424     465,647 
249,028    324,099 

1895 

224,576    252,759 

1896 

1  1912  .- 

199,605     215.683 

1897 

1913   .    ... 

231.179     261.273 

1898 

1914 

179,948     167,552 

1899 . 

lOIK 

157,866     133,724 

1900 ... 

60,956 

1901 

39,144 
74,163 

Totals 

1902 

3,321,531   $3,623,068 

DOLOMITE. 

Bibliography:  Bulletin  67. 

In  the  present  report,  dolomite  is  for  the  first  time  made  the  subject 
of  a  separate  classification.  Previously  it  has  been  included  under 
limestone.  Limestones  are  frequently  more  or  less  magnesian-bear- 
ing,  and  a  chemical  analysis  is  often  necessary  to  definitely  decide  as 
to  "whether  they  are  calcite  or  dolomite ;  the  latter  standing  inter- 
mediate between  magnesite  (MgCO,)  and  calcite  (CaCO:j).  As 
dolomite,  as  such,  has  been  found  to  have  certain  distinctive  applica- 
tions, we  have  deemed  it  worthy  of  a  separate  classification. 

The  major  portion  of  the  tonnage  shipped  in  1915  was  utilized  as  a 
refractory  lining  in  open-hearth  steel  furnaces,  as  a  partial  substitute 
for  magnesite.  A  portion  was  used  for  its  carbonic  acid  gas  (COo),  and 
part  for  its  magnesia.  A  greatly  increased  output  is  anticipated  for 
the  year  1916,  as  we  are  informed  that  one  company  with  quarries 
in  San  Benito  and  Monterey  counties  has  contracted  to  furnish  calcined 
dolomite  to  one  of  the  large  paper  mills.  As  this  dolomite  has  been 
found  to  contain  the  proper  proportions  of  lime  and  magnesia,  it  will 
replace  an  artificial  mixture  of  calcined  limestone  and  magnesite  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper  from  wood  pulp. 

The  production  of  dolomite  for  the  year  1915  amounted  to  4,192 
tons,  valued  at  $14,501,  and  came  from  a  total  of  five  quarries  in  the 
following  counties :  Inyo,  San  Benito,  San  Bernardino  and  Tuolumne. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


69 


FELDSPAR. 
Bibliography :  Bulletin  67. 

Feldspar  was  produced  by  one  operator  in  Monterey  and  three  iu 
Tulare  County  during  1915,  to  the  amount  of  1,800  tons,  valued  at 
$9,000.  Feldspar  production  only  dates  back  to  1910  in  this  state. 
The  mineral  is  a  constituent  of  many  rocks,  but  can  only  be  commer- 
cially produced  from  pegmatites  where  the  crystals  are  large  and  quite 
free  from  impurities.  The  open  cut  method  of  mining  this  material 
is  commonly  used.  IManufacturers  of  enamel  wares  and  pottery  buy 
most  of  the  better  grades  of  feldspar  produced.  Small  quantities  are 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  and  scouring  soaps,  and  the  more 
impure  material  is  utilized  as  "chicken  grit,"  in  making  various  brands 
of  roofing,  and  in  other  ways.  Various  experiments  have  been  made 
with  the  potash  feldspars  in  the  attempt  to  prove  their  value  as  a 
fertilizer,  with  more  or  less  negative  results,  so  far. 

Total  amount  and  value  of  feldspar  production  in  California  since 
the  inception  of  the  industry  are  given  in  the  following  table,  by  years : 


Tear 

Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tons 

Value 

1910    

1911    

191'' 

760 

740 

1,382 

2.129 

(1 

$5,720     1914    

4.560     1915 

6.180 

7,850           Totals  

1 

3,530 
1,800 

$16,565 
9,000 

1913    

10,341 

$49,875 

FULLER'S  EARTH. 
Bibliography :  Bulletin  38. 

Fuller's  earth  production  in  California  during  the  year  1915 
amounted  to  692  tons,  valued  at  $4,002,  as  compared  with  760  tons, 
valued  at  $5,928,  in  1914. 

This  material  is  soft  and  friable,  and,  in  general,  resembles  a  clay. 
It  has  no  definite  mineralogical  composition,  and  its  commercial  value 
is  determined  by  its  physical  properties,  i.  e.,  texture,  and  filtering 
and  absorbent  properties. 

In  California,  fuller's  earth  is  used  in  clarifying  both  refined  mineral 
and  vegetable  oils,  although  its  original  use  was  in  fulling  wool, 
as  the  name  indicates.  During  1915  the  production  came  from  Cala- 
veras, Kern,  Kings  and  Solano  counties.  A  large  deposit  of  high  grade 
fuller's  earth  is  found  near  Elsinore  in  Eiverside  County. 


70 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


It  was  first  produced  commercially  in  this  state  in  1899,  and  the 
total  amount  and  value  of  the  output  since  that  time  are  as  follows: 


Year 


1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 


Tons 


Value 


620  $12,400  1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


500 

3,750 

1,000 

19,500 

987 

19,246 

250 

4,750 

500 

9,500 

1.344 

38.000 

440 

10,500 

100 

1.000 

50| 

1.000 

Tear 


Totals 


Tons 


459 
340 
466 
876 
460 
760 
692 


Value 


$7,385 
3.820 
5,294 
6.500 
3,700 
5.928 
4,002 


9,844       $156,275 


GEMS. 

Bihliograpliy :  Bulletins  37,  64,  67.     State  Mineralogist  Report  II. 

Accounting  for  the  production  of  gems  in  California  is  somewhat 

unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  widely  scattered  places  at  which  stones  are 

gathered  and  marketed   in   a  very  small  way.     The  following  table 

shoAvs  the  production  hj  counties  during  1915 : 


County 

A'alue 

Kind 

Butte   

$300 

700 

2,465 

100 

Diamonds. 

Los  Angeles    -  . 

Beach  stones. 

San  Diego  _. . 

Beryl,  golden  beryl,  hyacinth,  kunzite,  tourma- 
lines, green  topaz. 
Beach  stones. 

San  Mateo __ 

Total   

$3,565 

California  tourmalines  are  decidedly  distinctive  in  coloring  and 
"fire"  as  compared  to  foreign  stones  of  this  classification.  The  colors 
range  from  deep  ruby  to  pink,  and  various  shades  of  green;  also  more 
recently  a  blue  tourmaline  has  been  found. 

Two  of  our  California  gem  stones,  kunzite  and  benitoite,  are  not 
found  elsewhere  in  the  world;  and  these,  each  in  but  a  single  locality 
here:  the  former  in  the  Pala  Chief  ]\Iine  in  San  Diego  County,  and 
the  latter  in  the  Dallas  Mine  in  San  Benito  County. 

Some  rhodonite  was  taken  out  in  Siskiyou  County  in  1915,  and  used 
for  decorative  purposes,  its  value  being  included  in  the  marble  figures. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


71 


The  value  of  the  total  gem  production  in  California  annually  since 
the  beginning  of  commercial  production  is  as  follows : 


Tear 


1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 


Value 


$20,500 
40.000 
162,100 
110,500 
136.000 
148,500 
497,090 
232,642 
208.950 


Year 


Value 


1909     -■ 

$193,700 

1910     

237,475 

1911         

51,824 

1912   

23,050 

1913        — 

13,740 

1914     

3,970 

1915  

3,565 

Total 

$2,083,606 

GRAPHITE. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Report  XIII.     Bulletin  67. 

Graphite  has  been  produced  from  time  to  time  in  the  state,  coming 
principally  from  Sonoma  County,  and  was  used  in  paint  manufacture. 
It  is  difficult  for  these  deposits,  which  are  not  particularly  pure,  to 
compete  with  foreign  supplies  which  go  on  the  market  almost  directly 
as  they  come  from  the  deposit. 

The  annual  graphite  production  of  the  United  States  amounts  to 
about  $250,000 ;  the  yearly  imports  have  a  value  of  approximately  two 
million  dollars.  These  facts  show  the  possibilities  which  are  open  to 
this  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  provided,  of  course,  that  investi- 
gation w^ould  show  sufficient  amounts  of  high  grade  material  to  com- 
pete with  the  imported  article,  which  at  the  present  time  comes  largely 
from  Ceylon.  Low  grade  ores  are  concentrated  with  considerable  diffi- 
culty and  the  electric  process  of  manufacturing  artificial  graphite  from 
coal  has  been  perfected  to  such  a  degree  that  only  deposits  of  natural 
graphite  of  a  superior  quality  can  be  exploited  with  any  certainty  of 
success. 

On  account  of  its  unfusibility  and  resistance  to  the  action  of  molten 
metals,  graphite  is  very  valuable.  It  is  also  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  electrical  appliances,  of  "lead"  pencils,  as  a  lubricant  and  in 
many  other  ways.  Amorphous  or  "lump"  graphite,  commonly  carry- 
ing many  impurities,  is  worth  as  low  as  $10  a  ton.  For  some  purposes, 
such  as  foundry  facings,  etc.,  the  low  grade  material  is  very  satisfac- 
tory. The  price  increases  with  the  grade  of  the  material  until  the  best 
quality  crystalline  variety,  ranges  as  high  as  $200  per  ton. 

Occurrence  of  graphite  has  been  reported  at  various  times  from 
Calaveras,  Fresno,  Imperial,  Los  Angeles,  Mendocino,  San  Bernardino, 


72 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


San  Diego,  Siskiyou,  Sonoma  and  Tuolumne  counties.  There  is  some 
prospect  of  a  production  for  the  current  year  from  a  property  now 
being  opened  up  in  Los  Angeles  County. 

During  1915  no  production  was  reported  in  this  state.     The  pre- 
vious production,  by  years,  w^as  as  follows: 


Year 


Pounds 


Value 


1901  :  128,000  $4,480 

1902  84,000  1,680 

1913  2,500  25 

Totals    214,500  $6,185 


GYPSUM. 
Bibliography:  Bulletins  38,  67. 

G^'psum  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  state,  and  is  produced 
to  a  considerable  extent,  to  supply  the  fertilizer  manufacturers  and  the 
manufacturers  of  plaster  and  cement.  One  producer  reports  large 
orders  for  shipment  during  the  current  year  to  Honolulu,  for  fertilizer 
purposes. 

During  1915,  seven  producers  in  Kern,  Riverside  and  San  Bernardina 
counties  took  out  a  total  of  20,200  tons,  valued  at  $48,953.  The  prin- 
cipal decrease  from  1914  was  due  to  the  closing  of  the  San  Benito 
County  quarries  (formerly  credited  to  Monterey). 

Total  annual  production  of  gypsum  in  California  since  such  records 
have  been  compiled  by  this  Bureau  is  as  follows: 


Tear 

1 
Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tous 

Value 

1887 

2,700 

$27,000 

1903 

6,914 

$46,441 

1888 

2,500 

25,000 

1904 

8,350 

56,592 

1889 

3,000 

30,000 

1905 

12,850 

54,500 

1890 

3,000 

30,000 

1906  

21,000 

69,000 

1891 

2,000 

20,000 

1907 

8,900 

57,700 

2892   _  .    -  -  . 

2.OC0 

20.000 

1£08  

34,600 

155.400 

1893 

1,620 

14,280 

1909 

30,700 

138,176 

1894 

2,446 

24,584 

1910 

45.294 

129,152 

1895 

5,158 

51.014  1911 

31.457 

101,475 

1896 

1.310 

12.580  1912 

37,529 

117,388 

1897 

2.203 

19.250  1913 

47,100 

135,050 

1898 

3,100 

23,600  1914 

29,734 

78,375 

1899 

3,663 

14,950  1915 

20,200 

48,953 

1900 

1901 

1902 

2,522 

3,875 

10,200 

10,038 

38.750  ' 

53,500     Totals  

385.922 

$1,602,798 

STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL  PRODUCTION. 


73 


INFUSORIAL  EARTH. 

Bibliography :  State  ]\Iineralogist  Reports  II,  XII,  XIII.  Bulle- 
tins 38,  67. 

Infusorial,  or  diatomaceous,  earth — sometimes  called  tripolite — is  a 
very  light  and  extremely  porous,  chalk-like  material  composed  of  pure 
silica  (chalk,  being  calcareous)  which  has  been  laid  down  under  water 
and  consists  of  the  remains  of  microscopical  infusoria  and  diatoms. 
Its  principal  commercial  use  is  as  an  absorbent ;  and  it  is  also  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  scouring  soap  and  polishing  powders,  and  in 
making  some  classes  of  refractory  brick.  It  is  a  first-class  nonconduc- 
tor of  heat,  where  higli  temperatures  are  employed.  In  such  cases,  it 
is  built  in  as  an  insulating  layer  in  furnace  walls. 

The  most  important  deposits  in  California  thus  far  known  are  located 
in  Monterey,  Orange,  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  Santa  Barbara  counties. 
It  is  also  found  in  Fresno,  Kern,  Los  Angeles,  Plumas,  San  Benito, 
San  Bernardino,  Shasta,  Sonoma,  and  Tehama  counties. 

During  1915,  there  were  three  actively  operated  quarries,  in  Mon- 
lere}',  San  Joaquin  and  Santa  Barbara  counties,  which  produced  a 
total  of  12,400  tons,  valued  at  $62,000,  compared  with  12,800  tons, 
valued  at  $80,350,  in  1914. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  average  price  varies  widely  from  year  to 
year.  This  fact  is  true  in  case  of  many  of  the  industrial  materials. 
The  quality  of  the  product  fluctuates  as  does  the  demand;  when  both 
are  favorable  the  maximum  price  obtains. 

The  first  recorded  production  of  this  material  in  California  occurred 
in  1889 ;  total  amount  and  value  of  output,  to  date,  are  as  follows : 


Year 

Tons 

1 
Value 

Year 

Tods 

Value 

1889 

1890 

i 
39 

."'"..            50'' 
51 

5 

.  _  1 

1 

422 

2,703 

$1,335 

2.000 
2,040 

2C0 



2.532 
16,015  1 

1904 

1905 

6,950 

3,000 

2,430 

2,531 

2,950 

500 

1,843 

2,194 

4,129 

8,645 

12,840 

12,400 

$112,282 
15,000 

1891 

1892 

1906 

1907 

14,400 
28,948 

1893 

1908        .  .              .    .. 

32.012 

1894 

1£09 

3,509 

1895  -_. 

1910 _. 

17.617 

1896 

1911 

19,670 

1897 

1898 

1912  

1913 

17.074 
35.968 

1899 

1900 

1914  

1915 

80.350 
62,000 

1901 

190-:> 

Totals  

1903 

63,682 

$462,943 

6—25437 


74 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


LIMESTONE. 
Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  IV,  XII.     Bulletin  38. 

Limestone  was  produced  in  10  counties  during  1915,  to  the  amount 
of  146,324  tons,  valued  at  $156,288.  This  amount  does  not  include  the 
limestone  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cement  nor  of  lime  for  building- 
purposes,  but  accounts  for  that  utilized  as  a  smelter  flux,  for  sugar 
making,  and  in  other  chemical  and  manufacturing  processes  (including 
fertilizers,  roofing  preparations,  whiting  for  paint,  terrazzo  and  for 
CO,).  The  marked  drop  in  the  1915  output  as  compared  with  the  1914 
figures,  is  due  in  part  to  our  transferring  to  the  macadam  classification 
a  large  tonnage  of  limestone  employed  as  road  metal ;  but  which  in  the 
1914  report  was  classified  as  "industrial"  limestone. 

Distribution  of  the  1915  output  is  as  follows: 


County 

Tons 

Value 

County 

Tona 

Value 

Alameda 

Contra  Costa  

Kern   

Placer     ..  ._  

10 

11,989 

1,425 

1.236 

68,500 

5.956 

$20 

14,565 

1,710 

2,432 

68,500 

10,006 

Santa  Cruz  

Shasta  

Tulare  

Tuolumne  

2.047 

44,953 

1,349 

8,859 

$4,873 

40,945 

1,888 

11,349 

San  Bernardino 

Santa  Barbara    _ 

Totals 

146,324 

$156,288 

In  the  early  reports  of  this  Bureau  values  for  lime  and  limestone 
were  not  segregated.  The  following  tabulation  shows  the  total  com- 
bined value  of  such  material  since  records  for  the  state  were  first 
compiled,  in  1887,  to  date: 


Year 

Value 

Tear 

Value 

1887  

1888  

1889 

$368,750 
381,750 
416,780 
350,000 
300.000 
300,000 
301,276 
337,975 
457,784 
332,617 
291,465 
278,558 
343,760 
315,231 
434,133 
460,140 

1903  

1904  

1905  

$582,268 
658,956 
878,647 

1890 

1906     

925,887 

1891 

1907            -  -      .    - 

1,162,417 

1892   

1893  

1894     

1908  1 

1909  

1910  

1911   

1912  

1913  

1914   

[  1915  

Total    - 

676,507 

997,745 

1,058,891 

1895 

843,778 

1896  

1,034,688 

1897     

803,002 

1898  

896,376 

1899     

442,592 

1900            — 

1901 

1902     

$16,631,973 

STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 


75 


LITHIA. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  II,  IV.     Bulletins  38,  67. 

Lithia  mica,  lepidolite  (a  silicate  of  lithium  et  al.)  utilized  in  the 
manufacture  of  artificial  mineral  water,  fireworks,  etc.,  was  mined  and 
sold  in  San  Diego  County  during  the  years  1899-1905  inclusive,  but 
there  has  been  no  commercial  production  since  the  latter  date,  until 
1915.  Some  ambygonite,  a  lithium  phosphate,  has  also  been  obtained, 
from  pockets  associated  with  the  gem  tourmalines.  In  1915,  the  yield 
of  lepidolite  was  91  tons,  valued  at  $1,365. 

The  following  table  of  analyses  shows  the  composition  of  some  of  the 

lithia  minerals: 

Analyses  of  Lithia  Minerals." 


AraWygo- 

nlte. 
Pala.  Cal. 
(per  cent) 


Lepidolite. 

Pala,  Cal. 

(per  cent) 


Spodu- 

mene. 

Goshen, 

Mass. 

(per  cent) 


Spodu- 

mene. 

BranchvUlc, 

Mass. 
(per  cent) 


Lepidolite. 

Paris. 

Maine 

(per  cent) 


Lithia  (Li..O)  

Silica    (SiO,)    

Phosphoric  acid    (P2O5) 

Alumina    (ALO3) ^* 

Iron  oxide   (FeO) 

Potash  (K,0) 

Soda    (Xa,b)    

Loss  on  ignition,  water,  etc. 

Undetermined    

Lime   (CaO)   

ALignesia   (MgO)   

Fluorine  


8.26 

1.99 

45.47 

33.09 

Trace 


4.91 
48.61 


6.89 
63.27 


7.62 
64.25 


22.36 


16.16 
.38 


6.28 
3.56 
1.35 


23.73 

1.17 

1.45 

.99 

.36 


27.20 
.20 


4.20 
50.92 


.39 
.24 


24.99 
.23 

11.38 
2.11 
1.96 


.64 


.11 
2.02 


2.05 


6.29 


Lithia  mica  total  production  in  the  state  has  been  as  follows : 


Year 

Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tons 

Value 

1899 

1900 

124 
440 
1,100 
822 
700 

1 
$4,600 
11,000 
27,500  ' 

1904 

1905 - 

641 
25 
91 

$25,000 
276 

1901 

1915 

1,365 

1902 

1903 

31,880  1 
27,300 

Totals 

3.943 

$128,921 

MICA. 
Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  II,  IV.     Bulletins  38,  67. 
No  production  of  mica  has  recently  been  reported.     Production  in 
previous  years  has  been  as  follows : 


Teat 


Tons 


Value 


1902  

50 
50 
50 

$2,500 

1903 .                       .      

3,800 

1904  

3,000 

Totals 

150 

$9,300 

"Bulletin  No.  38,  p.  308. 


76 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


MINERAL  PAINT. 
Bihliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  XII,  XIII.     Bulletin  38. 

Mineral  paint,  principally  yellow  oelire,  was  produced  in  California 
in  1915,  from  Calaveras,  San  Bernardino  and  Stanislaus  counties, 
amounting  to  311  tons,  valued  at  $1,756.  This  is  a  little  more  than 
double  the  tonnage  and  value  of  1914. 

Besides  the  above  named  counties,  deposits  of  mineral  paint  are 
located  in  the  following:  Kern,  Kings,  Lake,  Los  Angeles,  Nevada, 
Riverside,  and  Sonoma. 

The  first  recorded  production  of  this  material  in  the  state  was  in 
the  year  1890.  Production,  showing  annual  amount  and  value,  to  date 
since  that  time  is  given  herewith : 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


Tear 


Tons 


Value 


1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 


1904 

270 

$1,985 

1905 

754 

4,025 

1906 

250 

1,720 

1907 

250 

1,720 

1908 

335 

2,250 

1909 

305 

2,325 

1910 

200 

2,040 

1911 

186 

1.184 

1912 

300 

1,800 

1913 

303 

1,780 

1914 

132 

847 

1915 

311 

1.756 

Totals  

12,776 

$128,720 

MINERAL  WATER. 

Bihliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports  VI,  XII,  XIII.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  Water  Supply  Paper  338. 
A  widespread  production  of  mineral  water  is  shown  by  the  following 
table  for  1915.  These  figures  refer  to  mineral  water  actually  bottled 
for  sale,  or  for  local  consumption.  Water  from  some  of  the  springs 
having  a  decided  medicinal  value  brings  a  price  many  times  higher  than 
the  average  shown,  while  in  some  cases  the  water  is  used  merely  for 
drinking  purposes  and  sells  for  a  nominal  figure.  Health  and  pleasure 
resorts  are  located  at  many  of  the  springs.  The  waters  of  some  of  the 
hot  springs  are  not  suitable  for  drinking,  but  are  very  efficacious  for 
bathing.  From  a  therapeutic  standpoint,  California  is  particularly  rich 
in  mineral  springs.  The  counterparts  of  practically  any  of  the  world- 
famed  spas  of  Europe  or  the  eastern  United  States  can  be  found  here. 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL    PRODUCTION. 

Commercial  production,  by  counties,  for  1915  was : 


77 


County 


Gallons 


Value 


Butte  5.000  $850 

Calaveras  15,3-13  5.752 

Colusa 91,480  15,003 

Humboldt  2,000  500 

Lake  165,130  24,371 

Los  Angeles 350,171  29,491 

Marin 60,000  9,000 

Monterey  8,200  2,050 

Napa 133.387  73,535 

Riverside 200,000  10,000 

San  Benito 1,200  300 

San  Bernardino  ...  37,480  7,350 


County 


San  Diego 

San  Luis  Obispo 
Santa  Barbara  ._ 

Santa  Clara  

Shasta  

Siskiyou 

Solano    

Sonoma 

Tehama    

Trinity  

Totals  


Gallons 


10,350 

4,500 

189,026 

38,400 

12,000 

626,680 

64,200 

258,600 

1,000 

120 


Value 


$1,035 

675 

156,175 

16.770 

1,800 

62.990 

8,000 

41,231 

500 

360 


2,274,267       $467,738 


Amount  and  value  of  mineral  water  produced  in  California  since 


1887  are  given  herewith 


Tear 


Gallons 


1887 618,162 

1888 1,112,202 

1889 808.625 

1890 258,722 

1891 334.553 

1892 331,875 

1893 383,179 

1894 402,275 

1895 701,397 

1896 808,843 

1897 ....  1,508,192 

1898 1,429,809 

1899 1,338,537 

1900 2,456,115 

1901  ...-- 1.555,328 

1902 1,701,142 


Value 


Tear 


$144,368 
252,990 
252,241 

89,786 
139,959 
162,019 

90,667 
184,481 
291,500 
337,434 
345,863 
213,817 
406,691 
268,607 
559,057 
612,477 


1903 

1901 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Totals 


Gallons 

Value 

2,056,340 

$558,201 

2,430,320 

496,946 

2,194,150 

538,700 

1,585,690 

478,186 

2,924,269 

544,016 

2,789,715 

560,507 

2.449,834 

465,488 

2.335.259 

522,009 

2,637,669 

590.654 

2,497,794 

529,384 

2,350,792 

599,748 

2,443,572 

476.169 

2,274,267 

467,733 

46,718,627 

$11,179,703 

PHOSPHATES. 

Bihliograpliy :  Bulletin  67. 

No  commercial  production  of  phosphates  has  been  recorded  from  Cali- 
fornia, though  occasional  pockets  of  the  lithia  phosphate,  amblygonite, 
Li(AlF)P04,  have  been  found  associated  with  the  gem  tourmaline 
deposits  in  San  Diego  County.  Such  production  has  been  classified 
under  lithia. 

PUMICE  and  VOLCANIC  ASH. 

Bibliography :  State    Mineralogist    Report    XII     (see    "Tufa"). 
Bulletin  38. 

The  production  of  pumice  and  volcanic  ash  for  the  year  1915 
amounted  to  380  tons,  valued  at  $6,400,  and  came  from  Imperial,  Inyo 


78 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 


and  Madera  counties.  The  material  from  Imperial  County  is  the  vesicu- 
lar, block  pumice,  this  being  practically  the  only  locality  in  the  United 
States  producing  this  class  of  rock  at  the  present  time ;  and  is  stated  to 
have  found  a  ready  market.  The  Lipari  Islands,  Italy,  have  in  the  past 
been  the  principal  source  of  supply  of  block  pumice,  but  now  largely 
shut  off  owing  to  the  European  war.  There  are  other  known  deposits 
of  such  pumice  in  California,  in  Inyo,  Madera,  Mono  and  Siskiyou 
counties,  but  not  at  present  utilized.  The  material  shipped  from  Inyo 
and  Madera  counties  in  1915  was  the  fine-grained,  volcanic  ash  of  tuff 
variety.  It  is  employed  in  making  scouring  soaps  and  polishing 
powders. 

Commercial  production  of  pumice  in  California  was  first  reported  to 
the  State  Mining  Bureau  in  1909,  then  not  again  until  1912,  since  which 
year  there  has  been  a  small  annual  output,  as  indicated  by  the  following 
table : 


Tear 

Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tons 

Value 

1909 

50 

$500 

1914 

50 

380 

$1,000 

1910 

1915 

Totals     — -    -- 

6,400 

1911 

1912 

1913 

100 
3,590 

2,500 
4,500 

4,170 

$14,900 

PYRITE. 

Bibliography :  Bulletin  38. 

Pyrite  is  extensively  mined  in  several  places,  and  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sulphuric  acid.  Two  properties  in  Alameda  County  and 
one  in  Shasta  report  a  total  production  in  1915  of  92,462  tons,  valued 
at  $293,148. 

This  does  not  include  the  vast  quantities  of  pyrite  which  are  other- 
wise treated  for  their  valuable  metal  contents. 

The  total  production  in  California  to  date  is  as  follows : 


Year 


Tons 


Value 


Tear 


Tons 


Value 


1898 —J  6,000 

1899 —  5,400 

1900 3,642 

1901 4,578 

1902 I  17,525 

1903 24,311 

1904 15,043 

1905 I  15,503 

1906 j  46,689 

1907 82,270 


$30,000 
28,620 
21,133 
18,429 
60,306 
94,000 
62,992 
63,958 
145,895 
251,774 


1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Totals 


107,081 
457,867 
42,621 
54,225 
69,872 
79,000 
79,267 
92,462 


$610,335 
1,389.802 
179,862 
182,954 
203,470 
218,537 
230,058 
293,148 


1,203,356   $4,085,273 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  79 

SILICA— SAND  AND  QUARTZ. 
Bihliograpliy :  State  Mineralogist  Report  IX.     Bulletins  38,  67. 

We  have  combined  these  materials  in  the  present  report,  because  of 
the  overlapping  roles  of  vein  quartz  which  is  mined  for  use  in  glass 
making  and  as  an  abrasive,  and  that  of  silica  sand  which,  although 
mainly  utilized  in  glass  manufacture,  also  serves  as  an  abrasive. 

It  is  expected  that  a  certain  tonnage  of  vein  quartz  will  be  employed 
before  the  end  of  the  current  year  in  the  preparation  of  ferro-silicon 
and  silico-manganese  by  the  electric  furnace. 

The  production  of  silica  in  1915  amounted  to  28,904  tons,  valued  at 
$34,322,  from  four  properties  in  Amador  County,  and  one  each  in 
Calaveras,  ]\Ionterey,  Riverside  and  Tulare  counties. 


County 

Tons 

Value 

Amador _       .....       ._      

13.339 
15.565 

$16,142 

Calaveras,  Monterey,  Riverside  and  Tulare 

18,180 

Totals 

28,904 

$34,322 

Of  the  above  total,  740  tons  were  of  vein  quartz,  and  28,164  tons, 
sand. 

Practically  all  the  glass  sand  produced  in  California  occurs  as  such 
and  needs  no  grinding.  There  are  various  deposits  of  quartz  which 
could  be  utilized  for  glass  making,  but  to  date  there  has  been  but  little 
commercial  production  of  this  class  of  material. 

Glass  sand  has  been  produced  in  the  following  counties  of  the  state : 
Alameda,  Amador,  El  Dorado,  Los  Angeles,  Monterey,  Orange,  Placer, 
Riverside,  San  Joaquin,  and  Tulare.  The  chief  producing  centers  have 
been  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles  counties,  the  outstanding  recent  feature 
having  been  the  entrance  of  Amador  to  the  list,  in  1914.  The  industry 
is  of  small  importance,  so  far,  because  of  the  fact  that  the  available 
deposits  are  largely  not  of  a  grade  which  will  produce  first-class  glass. 
Many  high-grade  deposits  are  known,  but  almost  without  exception 
transportation  facilities  are  so  poor  that  the  owners  are  unable  to 
compete  with  the  foreign  sand  which  is  brought  in  as  ballast  and  sold 
at  a  low  price. 


80 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


Total  silica  production  in  California  since  the  inception  of  the  indus- 
try, in  1899,  is  shown  below,  being  mainly  glass  sand : 


Tear 


Tons 


Tear 


Tons 

Value 

12,259 

$25,517 

19,224 

18,265 

8,620 

8,672 

13,075 

15,404 

18,618 

21,899 

28,538 

22,688 

28,904 

34,322 

1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 


3,000 
2,200 
5,000 
4,500 
7,725 

10,004 
9,257 
9,750 

11,065 
9,255 


1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Totals  200,994 


$252,462 


SOAPSTONE  OR   TALC. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Report  XII.     Bulletins  38,  67. 

Soapstone — also  called  talc  or  steatite — occurs  widely  distributed 
throughout  California.  It  is  found  as  a  hydration  product  in  the  alter- 
ation of  magnesian  silicates,  and  is  often  associated  with  serpentine 
and  actinolite.  But  few  deposits  have  been  proven  of  especial  value  to 
date,  although  there  is  an  undoubted  future  for  this  branch  of  the  min- 
eral industry  in  the  state.  Deposits  of  high  grade,  white  talc,  the  equal 
of  the  imported  Italian  article,  are  now  being  developed  in  Inyo  and 
San  Bernardino  counties.  It  is  used  in  making  paper,  toilet  articles, 
soap,  lubricants,  tiling,  etc.,  and  for  such  is  ordinarily  ground  to  about 
200  mesh  before  marketing.  In  this  condition  it  brings  $15  per  ton 
and  upwards,  depending  on  quality. 

There  was  a  total  output  in  1915  of  1,663  tons,  valued  at  $14,750, 
from  four  producers  in  Inyo  County  and  one  each  in  El  Dorado  and 
San  Bernardino  counties,  divided  as  follows: 


County 


Tons 


Value 


Inyo 1,513         $14,000 

El  Dorado  and  San  Bernardino 150  750 

Totals 1,663         $14,750 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION, 


81 


Production  has  been  intermittent  in  the  state  since  1893,  as  shown 
in  the  followinsr  tabic : 


Ye*T 

Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tons 

Value 

1893 

40O 

$17,750 

1 
1906 - 

1 

1894 

1907     ...' 

1895 

1896 

25 

375 

1908 

1909 

3 

33 

740 

$48 
280 

1897 

1910. 

1911  

7,260 

1898          

1899 

1912 

1913  -.. 

1914  - .- 

1915 

1,750 
1,350 
1.000 
1,663 

7,350 

1900 

1901 

10 

14 

219 

228 

300 

' 119' 

288 

10.124 

2.315 

3.000 

6,150 

4.500 

1902 

14,750 

1903 

Totals 

1904 

1905 

7,735 

$74,309 

STRONTIUM. 
Bibliography:  Bulletin  67, 

Deposits  of  celestite  (strontium  sulphate.  SrSO^)  are  known  in  the 
desert  region  of  San  Bernardino  County,  but  as  yet  undeveloped.  A 
small  amount  of  strontium  salts  is  used  in  the  United  States  in  fireworks 
manufacture.  There  is  undoubtedly  a  good  future  for  the  strontium 
minerals  in  California,  if  the  beet-sugar  factories  will  take  up  their 
use,  as  has  been  done  in  Germany.  Strontia  is  much  more  efficient  and 
satisfactory  in  that  process  than  lime. 

SULPHUR. 

Bihliography:  State  ]\Iineralogist  Reports  IV,  XIII.     Bulletins  38, 
67. 

There  is,  at  present,  no  commercial  output  of  native  sulphur  in  Cali- 
fornia although  this  mineral  has  been  found  to  some  extent  in  Colusa, 
Imperial,  Inyo,  Kern,  Lake,  Mariposa,  San  Bernardino,  Sonoma,  Te- 
hama, and  Ventura  counties.  Production  of  sulphur  is  very  improb- 
able in  the  immediate  future,  although  possibilities  of  such  a  condition 
remain  to  be  proven. 

Sulphur  was  produced  at  the  famous  Sulphur  Bank  IMine,  in  Lake 
County,  during  the  years  1865-1868  (inc.),  totaling  941  tons,  valued  at 
$53,500;  following  which  the  property  became  more  valuable  for  its 
quicksilver.  There  has  been  no  commercial  yield  of  sulphur  in  Cali- 
fornia since  that  period. 


82 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER  SIX. 


SALINES. 

Borax,  salt,  soda,  nitrates  and  potash  are  included  under  this  head- 
ing. Borax  and  salt  have  been  produced  in  California  since  the  sixties, 
although  no  official  records  of  output  were  kept  by  this  Bureau  pre- 
vious to  1887.  Soda  has  had  a  virtually  continuous  production  since 
1894.  The  nitrates  have  never  been  commercially  produced  in  the 
state,  and  potash  but  recently,  although  the  future  possibilities  along 
these  lines  are  indeed  great. 

The  desert  portions  of  California,  located  largely  in  Inyo,  Kern, 
Riverside,  Imperial,  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  are  rich  in  the 
possession  of  salines  of  all  descriptions.  Ancient  lake  beds  of  vast 
extent  are  found  there,  many  of  which  have  not  yet  been  exploited. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  amount  and  value  of  the  saline 
minerals  produced  in  California  during  the  years  1914  and  1915,  with 
increase  or  decrease  in  value  for  1915  as  compared  with  the  previous 
year: 


1914 

1915 

Increase* 

Substance 

Tons 

Value 

Tons 

Value 

Deere  ase- 
(value) 

Borax   J 

Potash  

Salt 

Soda 

62,500     $1,483,500 

10               460 

223,806         583,553 

6,522         IliiSQfi 

67.004 

1,076 

169,028 

5,799 

$1,663,521 

19,391 

368,737 

83.485 

$180,021+ 

18.931+ 

214.816— 

31  911— 

Totals    ___ 

$2,182,909 

$2,135,134 

Net  decrease  

$47,77&— 

BORAX. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  III,  X,  XII,  XIII.     Bul- 
letins 24,  67. 

Borax  was  first  discovered  in  California  in  the  waters  of  Tuscan 
Springs  in  Tehama  County,  January  8,  1856.  Borax  Lake,  in  Lake 
County,  was  discovered  in  September  of  the  same  year,  by  Dr.  John 
A.  Veatch.  This  deposit  was  worked  in  1864-1866  (inc.),  and  during 
that  time  produced  1,181,365  pounds  of  borax.  Not  till  1873  were  the 
borax  deposits  of  Inyo  and  San  Bernardino  counties  discovered. 

Aside  from  the  above  mentioned  localities  borax  is  known  in  Kern, 
Los  Angeles,  Imperial,  Solano  and  Ventura  counties. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


83 


California  is  the  only  state  in  America  producing  borax.  During 
1915  two  producers  reported  an  output  of  67,004:  tons,  valued  at 
$1,663,521,  compared  with  three  producers  and  an  output  of  62,500  tons, 
valued  at  $1,483,500,  in  1914. 

Value  of  the  state's  borax  output  since  1887  is  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing table : 


Tear 

Valut 

Year 

Value 

1887 

$116,689  ' 

196,636 

145,473 

480,152 

640,000 

838,787 

593,292 

807.807 

595,900 

675.400 

1,080,000 

1,153,000 

1,139,882 

1,013,251 

982.380 

2,234,994 

1903  

$661,400 

1888  

1901 

098,810 

1889        

1905  

1,019,158 

1890 

1906  

1,182,410 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1907  

1908  

1909  

1910    

1,200,913 
1,117,000 
1,163,960 

1894 

1,177,960 

1895  

1911  

1912  

1913  

1914  

1,456.672 

1896  

1,122,713 

1897  

1898  

1,491,530 
1,483,500 

1899    

1915    

1,663,521 

1900  

Total 

1901 

1902        .     ... 

$28,133,190 

MAGNESIA. 

Magnesium  chloride  is  an  important  item  in  certain  chemical  uses, 
and  in  the  preparation  of  Sorel  cement  in  laying  magnesite  floors.  In 
the  past,  Germany  has  been  the  principal  source  of  this  chloride,  which 
source  is  at  the  present  time,  of  course,  cut  off.  For  this  reason, 
experiments  are  being  made  to  prepare  it  from  magnesite,  which  is  so 
abundant  in  California;  and  also  by  some  of  the  salt  companies,  from 
the  residual  bitterns  obtained  during  the  evaporation  of  sea  water  for 
its  sodium  chloride. 

NITRATES. 

Nitrates  of  sodium,  potassium  and  calcium  have  been  found  in  vari- 
ous places  in  the  desert  regions  of  the  state  but  no  deposit  of  com- 
mercial value  has  been  developed  as  yet.  Interest  in  this  class  of 
mineral  substance  is  increasing  and  closer  search  may  be  rewarded  by 
valuable  discoveries. 

The  subject  of  the  fixation  of  atmospheric  nitrogen  electrically  is  just 
now  occupying  a  place  in  the  public  mind  by  reason  of  its  success  in 
Germany  and  Scandinavia.  The  possibilities  of  cheap  hydroelectric 
power  in  California  make  the  subject  one  of  intense  interest  to  us,  as 
we  have  also  the  natural  raw  products  to  go  with  the  power. 


84  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

POTASH. 

Potash  had  not,  previous  to  1914,  been  commercially  produced  in 
California  and  only  during  the  past  few  years  has  this  substance 
created  general  interest  in  the  state.  Considerable  money  has  been 
spent  recently  in  preliminary  work  with  a  view  toward  developing 
what  are  claimed  to  be  immense  deposits  of  potash  which  lie  in  the  old 
lake  beds  of  the  desert  portions  of  California.  The  imports  of  this 
material  from  foreign  countries  have  an  annual  value  of  many  millions 
of  dollars,  and  a  domestic  production  would  be  of  great  utility. 

During  1915,  a  total  of  1,076  tons  of  potash-bearing  material  was 
produced,  valued  at  $19,391,  being  in  part  an  extraction  from  kelp,  and 
in  part  from  dust  collected  at  one  of  the  cement  mills.  There  was  one 
kelp  plant  in  commercial  operation  at  Long  Beach,  Los  Angeles  County, 
and  several  others  in  course  of  construction  both  there  and  at  San  Diego. 
Some  of  these  plants  merely  dry  the  kelp,  others  burn  it  to  an  ash,  both 
types  shipping  their  product  to  the  fertilizer  manufacturers.  The  one 
plant  in  operation  in  1915  and  one  of  those  building  at  San  Diego  are 
designed  to  prepare  refined  potash  salts. 

The  large  plant  of  the  American  Trona  Corporation  at  Searles  Lake, 
in  San  Bernardino  County,  is  under  construction  and  will  produce 
potash,  soda-ash  and  borax  from  the  lake  beds. 

Experiments  are  also  being  made  to  extract  potash  from  the  bitterns 
obtained  at  some  of  the  salt  and  soda  works,  particularly  those  at 
Owens  Lake  in  Inyo  County. 

In  the  cement  mill  mentioned  above,  the  fine  dust  from  ball  and 
tube  mills,  is  collected  by  a  Cottrell,  electrical,  smoke  condenser,  the 
material  showing  an  approximately^  11%  potash  content.  This  was 
sold  to  fertilizer  manufacturers.  All  of  the  material  thus  collected 
was  not  sold,  however ;  the  unsold  portion  going  back  into  the  cement- 
making  process.     In  future,  its  sales  will  probably  increase. 

SALT. 

Bibliography :  State  Mineralogist  Reports  II,  XII,  XIII.  Bulletin 
24. 
Most  of  the  salt  produced  in  California  is  obtained  by  evaporating 
the  waters  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  plants  being  located  on  the  shores  of 
San  Francisco  Bay,  at  Long  Beach,  and  on  San  Diego  Bay.  Addi- 
tional amounts  are  derived  from  lakes  and  lake  beds  in  the  desert 
regions  of  the  state.  The  salt  production  of  San  Bernardino  County 
is  derived  from  deposits  of  rock  salt  which  are  worked  by  means  of 
quarrying  with  a  steam  shovel.     A  small  amount  of  valuable  medicinal 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


85 


salts  was  produced  during  the  year  in  Mono  and  Tehama  counties,  by 
evaporation  from  mineral  springs. 

The  1915  output  amounted  to  169,028  tons,  valued  at  $368,737,  dis- 
tributed as  follows,  by  counties: 


County 

Tons 

103,768 

21,602 

512 

17,616 

25.500 

Value 

Alamoda  .. 

^220,977 

Inyo.  Kern,  Los  Angeles,  Mono,  Modoc,  Solano,  Tehama* 

San  Bernardino 

61,070 
3,324 

San  Diego                 _  .           _  _.  

19,616 

San  Mateo — 

63,750 

Totals 

169.028 

$368,737 

♦Combined  to  conceal  output  of  a  single  plant  in  each. 

The  decrease,  as  compared  with  the  1914  figures  of  223,806  tons, 
valued  at  $583,553,  was  mainly  in  the  northern  counties;  and  was  due 
to  late  rainfall  in  May,  1915,  which  washed  out  much  of  the  crop. 

Amount  and  value  of  annual  production  of  salt  in  California  from 
1887  to  date  is  shown  in  the  following  tabulation : 


Tear 

Tons 

Value 

Tear 

Tons 

Value 

1887 

28,000 
30,800 
21,000 
8,729 
20,094 
23,570 
50,500 
49.131 
53.031 
64,743 
67,851 
93,421 
82.654 
89,338 
126,218 
115,208 

1 

$112,000 

92,400 

63,000 

57,085 

90,303 

104,788 

213,000 

140,037 

150,576 

153,244 

157,520 

170,855 

149,.588 

204,754 

366,376 

205,876  ! 

1 

1 
1C03 

1S04 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Totals 

102,895 

95,968 

77,118 

101,650 

88,063 

121,764 

155,680 

174,920 

173,332 

185,721 

204,407 

223.806 

169,028 

$21],.?65 

1888    -  -              

187,300 

1889 

141.925 

1890 

213,228 

1891        _  .        

310,967 

1892 

281,469 

1893 

1894 

414,708 
395,417 

1895 

324,255 

1896 

1897 

1898       

383,370 
462,681 
f83,553 

1899 

368,737 

1900 

1901 

1902 

2,798,640 

$6,710,427 

SODA. 

Bibliography:  State  Mineralogist  Reports   XII,   XIII.     Bulletins 
24,  67. 

Bicarbonate  of  soda  and  soda  ash  were  produced  by  two  plants  in 
Inyo  County  during  1915,  amounting  to  5,799  tons,  valued  at  $83,485, 
as  compared  with  6,522  tons,  valued  at  $115,396,  in  1914. 


86 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


The  total  output,  showing  amount  and  value  of  this  product  since 
the  inception  of  this  branch  of  the  mineral  industry  in  California  is 
given  in  the  table  which  follows: 


STATISTICS   OP    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  87 


CHAPTER  SEVEN. 

MINERAL    PRODUCTION    OF   CALIFORNIA    BY 

COUNTIES. 

Introductory. 

The  state  of  California  includes  an  area  of  155,652  square  miles  and 
is  divided  into  fifty-eight  counties.  Some  mineral  of  commercial  value 
exists  in  every  county,  and  during  1915  active  production  was  reported 
to  the  State  Mining  Bureau  from  fifty-six  counties  of  the  fifty-eight. 
In  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  state  are  found  the  vein-forming 
minerals,  largely.  In  the  vast  desert  regions  of  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia ancient  lake  beds  afford  an  unlimited  supply  of  saline  deposits. 
Underlying  the  interior  valleys  of  the  central  and  southern  portion  of 
the  state  are  the  largest  pools  of  crude  oil  in  the  world.  Building 
stones  and  mineral  earths  of  all  descriptions  are  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  state. 

Of  the  first  seven  counties  in  point  of  total  output,  all  but  two 
(Shasta  and  Amador)  owe  their  position  mainly  to  petroleum.  Kern, 
due  to  its  oil,  leads  all  the  others  by  more  than  three  times  the  total 
of  Shasta,  its  nearest  competitor.  Shasta  owes  its  rank  to  copper,  gold, 
and  zinc;  Amador,  its  place  on  account  of  gold.  Nineteen  counties 
have  each  a  total  in  excess  of  a  million  dollars. 


88 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


The  counties  with  their  mineral  resources,  production  for  1915,  etc., 
will  be  considered  in  detail  in  this  chapter. 

Value  of  California    Mineral   Production,   by  County,  for  1915,   Arranged   in  the  Order 

of  Their  Importance. 


County 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 


Value 


County 


Kern  $25,335,184 

Shasta 8,350,133 

Fresno 8,152,300 

Orange    6,617,112 


Los  Angeles 

Amador    

Santa  Barbara  . 

Nevada  

Inyo   

Tuba 

San  Bernardino 

Sacramento 

Calaveras  

Butte  

Santa  Cruz  

Solano 

Riverside  

Contra  Costa  __. 

Tuolumne  

Placer  

Ventura   

Napa 

Alameda    

Plumas  

Sierra    

San  Benito 

Santa  Clara  

Siskiyou 

Trinity  

El  Dorado  


4,168,612 

4,063,762 

3,984,966 

3,492,946 

2,771,042 

2,862,430 

2,674.042 

2,562,281 

2,161,893 

1,622,245 

1,581,531 

1,335,923 

1,349,591 

1,309,505 

1,171.438 

963,860 

904,767 

884,221 

861,683 

745,715 

729,518 

642,065 

635,229 

514,094 

499,511 

428.336 


31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 


Mariposa    

Humboldt  

Sonoma    

San  Joaquin 

San  Luis  Obispo. 

San  Diego 

Stanislaus    

Tulare  

San  Mateo  

Marin 

Madera  

San  Francisco  _.. 

Mono   

Merced 

Monterey 

Imperial 

Lake  

Glenn  

Mendocino    

Kings  

Colusa 

Modoc  

Tehama    

Del  Norte 

Yolo  

Lassen    

Alpine  

Sutter  


Value 


$412,326 

358,686 

276,104 

248,394 

227,632 

211,129 

191,771 

184,599 

177,891 

160,528 

145,063 

128,270 

109,425 

94,032 

84,986 

77,433 

72,534 

46,667 

24,536 

18,608 

16,003 

8,681 

4,702 

4,524 

2,040 

870 


Total    $96,063,369 


ALAMEDA. 

Alameda  County,  while  in  no  sense  one  of  the  "mining  counties"  of 
the  state,  comes  twenty-third  on  the  list  with  a  value  of  mineral 
products  for  1915  of  $861,683,  a  decrease  from  the  1914  total,  which 
was  $870,427.  The  mineral  resources  of  this  county  include  asbestos, 
brick,  chromite,  clay,  coal,  lime,  magnesite,  manganese,  pyrite,  salt, 
soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick I     14,841  M. 

Limestone   i  10  tons 

Manganese I         319  tons 

Pyrite 11,287  tons 

Salt  103,768  tons 

Stone,  uiiscellaneous 

Other  minerals* 


$132,765 

20 

3.652 

45,148 

220,977 

457,381 

1,740 


Total ;   $861,683 


•Includes  asbestos,  chrome,  and  pottery  clay. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  89 

ALPINE. 

Alpine  has  usually  shown  a  small  production  of  gold  and  silver, 
but  dropped  out  of  the  list  of  producing  counties  for  1914  and  1915. 

This  county  lies  just  south  of  Lake  Tahoe,  in  the  high  Sierra  Nevada 
range  of  mountains.  Its  area  is  776  square  miles,  containing  a  popu- 
lation of  but  309  persons.  Transportation  is  by  wagon  or  mule  back, 
and  facilities  in  general  are  lacking  to  promote  development  work  of 
any  kind. 

The  mineral  resources  of  this  section  are  varied  and  the  country  has 
not  yet  been  thorouglily  prospected.  Barium,  copper,  gold,  gypsum, 
lead,  limestone,  pyrite,  rose  quartz,  silver,  tourmaline,  and  zinc  have 
been  found  here  to  some  extent. 

AMADOR. 
Area:  601  square  miles. 
Population:  9,086  (1910  census). 

The  value  of  Amador  County's  mineral  production  increased  from 
$3,211,109  in  1914,  to  $4,063,762,  thus  taking  sixth  place  on  the  list 
of  counties  in  the  state  as  regards  total  value  of  mineral  substances 
marketed.  The  most  notable  feature  of  the  increase  was  the  wonderful 
jump  made  in  the  gold  yield. 

Although  having  an  output  consisting  of  10  different  minerals,  the 
leading  product,  gold,  makes  up  nearly  98  per  cent  of  the  entire  total. 
Amador  led  the  state  in  gold  production,  in  1915. 

The  mineral  resources  of  this  county  are,  in  the  main,  as  follows : 
Asbestos,  brick,  chromite,  claj^  coal,  copper,  gold,  lime,  quartz  crystals, 
glass-sand,  sandstone,  silver,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick 

4,000  M. 
40,156  tons 
4,185  lbs. 

$80,000 

Clav,  pottery .    _      

38,879 

Copper .  _      . 

732 

Gold 

3,894,125 

Lead   .. . 

523  lbs. 
1,000  bbls. 
13,339  tons 

25 

Lime          .-__--      .           .       . --  - 

1,200 

Silica _    ..  ..  

16,142 

Silver      „ 

20.409 

Stone,  miscellaneous    -  _    . .  - 

1,300 

Other  minerals .  .  .    - .    -      -    

10,950 

Total    

$4,063,762 

90  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

BUTTE. 
Area:  1,722  square  miles. 
Population:  27,301  (1910  census). 
Location:  North  central  portion  of  state. 

Butte,  fourteenth  county  in  California  in  regard  to  the  value  of  its 
mineral  output,  reported  a  commercial  production  of  nine  mineral 
substances,  having  a  total  value  of  $1,622,245,  as  compared  with 
$1,755,315  for  1914.  As  will  be  noted  in  the  following  tabulation,  gold 
is  by  far  the  most  important  item.  Butte  stands  fifth  among  the  gold- 
producing  counties  of  the  state.  Among  the  mineral  resources  of  this 
section  are  asbestos,  barytes,  chromite,  gems,  gold,  limestone,  marble, 
mineral  water,  platinum  minerals,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

CoDDer 

U  lbs. 

$2 

Gems                        -      -    _      -                   ______  

300 

Gold 

1 

1,545,976 

Lead        .       _      _            _       _ 

90  lbs. 

4 

Mineral  water    _ __  . 

.         5,000  gals. 

850 

Platinum 

126  ounces 

3,997 

Silver                                                             .              -       

3,433 

Stone,  miscellaneous        _       _.____. 

67,143 

Other  minerals 

1 

540 

Total 

$1,622,245 

CALAVERAS. 

Area:  1,027  square  miles.  * 

Population :  9,171. 

Location:  East  central  portion  of  state — Mother  Lode  district. 
Calaveras  County  reported  production  of  11  different  minerals, 
valued  at  $2,161,893,  during  the  year  1915,  as  compared  with  the  1914 
output,  worth  $2,068,343.  Gold,  copper  and  silver  are  the  chief  mineral 
substances  produced.  In  regard  to  total  value  of  mineral  output  Cala- 
veras stands  thirteenth  among  the  counties  of  the  state;  it  is  sixth  in 
gold,  second  in  copper,  and  fourth  in  silver. 

The  principal  mineral  resources  developed  and  undeveloped  are: 
Asbestos,  barytes,  chromite,  clay,  copper,  fuller's  earth,  gold,  graphite, 
limestone,  magnesite,  marble,  mineral  paint,  mineral  water,  platinum 
minerals,  pyrite,  quartz  crystals,  silver,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous 
stone. 


STATISTICS   OF    ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


91 


Substance 

j            Amount 

Value 

Copper 

1 
4  031.149  Ihs. 

$705,451 

Gold _.       _ 

1,391.134 

Lead   

163  lbs. 

8 

Mineral  water 

15,343  gals. 

5,752 

Silver 

53,298 

Stone,  miscellaneous  

1,900 

Other  minerals*  

4,350 

Total 

$2,161,893 

'Includes  asbestos,  fuller's  earth,  mineral  paint,  platinum  and  silica. 

COLUSA. 

Population:  7,732  (1910  census). 
Location:  Sacramento  Valley. 

Colusa  County  lies  largely  in  the  basin  of  the  Sacramento  "Valley. 
Its  western  border,  however,  rises  into  the  foothills  of  the  Coast  Kange 
of  mountains,  and  its  mineral  resources — to  a  great  extent  undeveloped 
— include  coal,  chromite,  copper,  gypsum,  manganese,  mineral  water, 
pyrite,  quicksilver,  sandstone,  miscellaneous  stone,  sulphur,  and  in  some 
places  traces  of  gold  and  silver. 

The  value  of  the  1915  production  was  $16,003,  a  decrease  from  the 
1914  figures  of  $32,251,  giving  it  fifty-first  place. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Mineral  water .. 

91,480  gals. 

$15,003 
1000 

Stone,  miscellaneous 

Total 

$16,003 

CONTRA  COSTA. 

Contra  Costa,  like  Alameda  County,  lies  off  the  eastern  shores  of 
San  Francisco  Bay,  and  is  not  commonly  considered  among  the  mineral- 
producing  counties  of  the  state.  It  stands  eighteenth  on  the  list  in 
this  respect,  however,  with  an  output  valued  at  $1,309,505  for  the 
calendar  year  1915.  Various  structural  materials  make  up  the  chief 
items,  including  brick,  cement,  limestone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 
Among  the  others  are  asbestos,  clay,  coal,  gypsum,  manganese,  mineral 
water  and  soapstone. 


92  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA, 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Value 


Brick '     14,915  M.       '  $139,862 

Limestone  11,989  tons  14,565 

Stone,  miscellaneous  397,330 

Other  minerals* , 757,748 

Total -' $1,309,505 

♦Includes  asbestos,  cement  and  coal. 

DEL  NORTE. 

Area:  1,024  square  miles. 

Pop^dation:  2,417  (1910  census). 

Location:  Extreme  nortliAvest  corner  of  state. 

Transportation :  Wagon  and  mule  back. 
Del  Norte  rivals  Alpine  County  in  regard  to  inaccessibility.  Like 
the  latter  county  also,  given  transportation  and  kindred  facilities,  this 
portion  of  the  state  presents  a  Avide  field  for  development  along  mining 
lines  especially.  Its  chief  mineral  resources,  largely  untouched,  are 
chromite,  copper,  gems,  gold,  graphite,  iron,  platinum  minerals,  silver, 
and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915,  giving  it  fifty-fourth  place,  was  as 
follows : 


Substance 


Value 


Gold   

Silver 

Stone,  miscellaneous 

Total  


$1,018 

6 

3,500 


$4,524 


EL  DORADO. 

Area:  1,753  square  miles. 

Population:  7,492  (1910  census). 

Location:  East  central  portion  of  the  state;  northernmost  of  the 
Mother  Lode  counties. 
El  Dorado  County,  which  marks  the  spot  where  gold  was  first  dis- 
covered in  California,  comes  thirtieth  on  the  list  of  counties  ranked 
according  to  the  value  of  their  total  mineral  production  during  the  year 
1915.  In  addition  to  the  segregated  figures  here  given,  a  large  tonnage 
of  limestone  is  annually  shipped  from  El  Dorado  for  use  in  cement 
manufacture,  and  whose  value  is  included  in  the  state  total  for  cement. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNU^Uj   PRODUCTION. 


93 


The  mineral  resources  of  this  section,  many  of  them  imdcveloped, 
include  asbestos,  barytes,  chromite,  clay,  copper,  gems,  gold,  iron, 
molybdenum,  limestone,  quartz  crystals,  quicksilver,  glass-sand,  slate, 
soapstone,  silver  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Copper 417  lbs. 

Gold ' 

Lime 15,911  bbls 

Silver . 

Stone,  miscellaneous  

Other  minerals* 

Total 


$73 

401,288 

12,872 

1,353 

7,500 

5,250 


$428,336 


•Includes  slate  and  soapstone. 


FRESNO. 
Area:  5,950  square  miles. 
Population:  75,657  (1910  census). 
Location:  South  central  portion  of  state. 
Fresno  County,  third  in  importance  as  a  mineral  producer  among  the 
counties  of  California,  reported  an  output  for  1915  of  nine  mineral 
substances,  with  a  total  value  of  $8,152,300,  an  increase  over  the  re- 
ported 1914  production,  which  was  worth  $7,484,231.     The  great  bulk 
of  the  above  value  is  derived  from  the  petroleum  production  of  the 
Coalinga  field. 

The  mineral  resources  of  this  county  are  many,  and,  aside  from 
crude  oil,  are  far  from  being  fully  developed.  They  include  asbestos, 
barytes,  brick,  chromite,  copper,  gems,  gold,  graphite,  gypsum,  iron, 
magnesite,  natural  gas,  petroleum,  quicksilver,  silver,  and  miscellaneous 
stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick  .. 
Chrome 
Copper 
Gold    .. 


4,750  M. 
1,3C0  tons 
65,903  lbs. 


Natural  gas  2,894,834  M  cu.  ft. 

Petroleum  14,021,025  bbls. 

Silver  I 

Stone,  miscellaneous  -.. ' . 

Other  minerals i 


$33,250 

13,600 

11,533 

4,151 

253,906 

7,641,459 

246 

193,705 

450 


Total I $8,152,300 


94  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA, 

GLENN. 

Glenn  County,  standing  forty-eighth,  owes  its  position  among  the 
mineral-producing  counties  of  the  state  to  the  presence  of  large  de- 
posits of  sand  and  gravel  which  are  annually  worked,  the  product 
being  used  for  railroad  ballast,  etc.  In  the  foothills  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  county,  deposits  of  chromite,  copper,  manganese,  sand- 
stone, and  soapstone  have  been  found. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Copper  

746  lbs. 

$131 

Stone,  miscellaneous _      .  _  . 

46  526 

Other  minerals 

10 

Total    

$46,667 

HUMBOLDT. 

Area:  3,634  square  miles. 

Population:  33,857  (1910  census). 

Location:   Northwestern   portion   of   state,   bordering   on   Pacific 
Ocean. 

Humboldt  County  is  almost  entirely  mountainous,  transportation 
within  its  limits  being  very  largely  by  wagon  road  and  trail,  and  until 
recently  was  reached  from  the  outside  world  by  steamer  only.  The 
county  is  rich  in  mineral  resources,  chief  among  which  are  brick, 
chromite,  coal,  clay,  copper,  gold,  graphite,  iron,  mineral  water,  natural 
gas,  petroleum,  platinum,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Seven  mineral  substances,  as  shown  by  the  table  given  below,  having 
a  total  value  of  $358,686,  were  produced  in  1915,  as  compared  with  the 
1914  output,  worth  $233,574,  the  marked  increase  being  due  to  the  large 
amount  of  stone  being  used  on  the  Eureka  Harbor  breakwater.  Hum- 
boldt ranks  thirty-second  among  the  counties  of  the  state  for  the  year. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount         I       Value 


Brick  ..    

463  M. 

$5,565 

Gold          - — 

15,M7 

Mineral  water                              _                      _         . 

2,000  gals. 

500 

Silver              _      .    -       .       .      

62 

Stone,  miscellaneous . 

335,292 

Other  minerals*       _  _  _  _ 

1,320 

Total                 - 

$358,686 

•Includes  copper  and  natural  gas. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  95 

IMPERIAL. 
Area:  4,089  square  miles.  * 

Population:  30,000  (estimated  by  board  of  supervisors). 
Location:  Extreme  southeast  corner  of  the  state. 
During  1915  Imperial  County  produced  six  mineral  substances  having 
a  total  value  of  $77,433,  as  compared  with  the  1914  output,  worth 
$239,140.     Its  rank  is  forty-sixth.     This  county  contains  large  unde- 
veloped deposits  of  gold,  gypsum,  lead,  marble,  pumice,  salt,  and  silver. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 

Bubstance  Amount  Value 

Brick '  2,958  M.      '  $17,916 

Copper    -        65  lbs.  11 

Gold 14,369 

Silver ' 42 

Stone,  miscellaneous --  40,095 

Other  minerals 5,000 

Total I      $77,433 


INYO. 
Area:  10,019  square  miles. 
Population:  6,974  (1910  census). 

Location:  Lies  on  eastern  border  of  state,  north  of  Sau  Bernardino 
County. 
Inyo,  the  second  largest  county  in  the  state,  and  containing  less  than 
one  inhabitant  per  square  mile,  is  extremely  interesting  from  a  mineral- 
ogical  point  of  view.  It  is  noted  because  of  the  fact  that  within  its 
borders  are  located  both  the  highest  point,  Mount  "Whitney  (elevation 
14,502  feet),  and  the  lowest  point,  Death  Valley  (elevation  290  feet 
below  sea  level),  in  the  United  States.  In  the  higher  mountainous 
sections  are  found  many  vein-forming  minerals,  and  in  the  lake  beds 
of  Death  Valley  saline  deposits  exist. 

Inyo's  mineral  production  during  the  j'ear  1915  reached  a  value  of 
$2,771,042,  the  county  standing  ninth  among  the  counties  of  the 
state  in  this  respect.  Its  mineral  resources  include  antimony,  asbestos, 
barytes,  bismuth,  borax,  copper,  gems,  gold,  gypsum,  lead,  magnesite, 
marble,  molybdenum,  mineral  water,  nitre,  platinum,  pumice,  quick- 
silver, salt,  silver,  soda,  sulphur,  talc,  tungsten,  and  zinc. 


96  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Copper . 154,722  lbs.  $27,076 

Gold    317,905 

Lead    4,323,639  lbs.  203,211 

Silver  127,894 

Soapstone  and  tale 1,513  tons  14,000 

Soda 5,799  tons  83,485 

Zine   4,625,162  lbs.  573,520 

Other  minerals* 1,423,951 

Total $2,771,042 


•Includes  antimony,  borax,  dolomite,  marble,  pumice,  salt. 


KERN. 


Area:  8,003  square  miles. 

Population:  55,000  (estimated  by  board  of  supervisors). 

Location:  South  central  portion  of  state. 

Kern  County,  because  of '  its  immense,  productive  oil  fields,  stands 
pre-eminent  among  all  counties  of  California  in  the  value  of  its  mineral 
output,  the  exact  figures  for  1915  being  $25,335,184.  This  is  larger 
by  more  than  seventeen  million  dollars  than  the  succeeding  county  on 
the  list.  This  figure  also  exceeds  the  value  of  the  total  gold  output  of 
the  entire  state  by  approximately  $3,000,000.  The  1914  mineral  output 
for  the  county  was  worth  $28,047,957. 

Among  the  mineral  resources,  developed  and  undeveloped,  of  this 
section  are :  Antimonj^,  asbestos,  asphalt,  barj-tes,  borax,  brick,  clay, 
copper,  fuller's  earth,  gems,  gold,  gypsum,  iron,  lead,  limestone,  mag- 
nesite,  marble,  mineral  paint,  natural  gas,  petroleum,  potash,  salt, 
silver,  soapstone,  soda,  sulphur,  and  tungsten. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Antimony 

Copper  ._  .      _           „      .           -  _ 

267  tons 
1,047  lbs. 

$11,301 
183 

Gold 

983,319 

Lead   -.  _  .                -              -                              _      _ 

84,371  lbs. 

55,176  bbls. 
1,425  tons 
12,163,461  M  cu.  ft. 
54,810,669  bbls. 

3,965 

Lime    .    _  _  ..      ..  _.    .    _. 

39.523 

Limestone   

Natural  gas  _..-_. .  .  _  _         _      

1,710 
737,638 

Petroleum  

Silver 

23,184,913 
13,316 

Stone _  -- .-     ■     - --  - 

59,319 

Other  minerals* 

299,997 

Total 

$25,335,184 

"Includes  cement,  clay  (pottery),  fuller's  earth,  gypsum,  magnesite,  salt,  tungsten. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


97 


KINGS. 
Area:  1,159  square  miles. 
Population :  16,230  (1910  census). 
Location:  South  central  portion  of  state. 
Little  development  has  taken  place  in  Kings  County  along  mineral 
lines  to  date.     Deposits  of  fuller's  earth,  gypsum,  mineral  paint,  nat- 
ural gas,  and  quicksilver,  of  undetermined  extent,  have  been  found  in 
the  county.     Some  drilling  for  oil  is  under  way. 

In  fiftieth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Natural  gas  .. 

258  M  cu.  ft. 

$608 

Other  minerals* 

18,000 

Total 

$18,608 

•Includes  fuller's  earth  and  quicksilver. 

LAKE. 

Area:  1,278  square  m'iles. 
Population:  5,526  (1910  census). 

Location:  About  fifty  miles  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the 
same  distance  inland  from  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

On  account  of  its  topography  and  natural  beauties,  Lake  County  is 
sometimes  referred  to  as  the  Switzerland  of  America.  The  mineral 
resources  which  exist  here  are  many  and  varied,  actual  production 
being  comparatively  small,  as  shown  by  the  table  below.  Some  of  the 
leading  minerals  found  in  this  section,  in  part  as  yet  undeveloped,  are 
borax,  chromite,  clay,  copper,  gems,  gold,  gypsum,  mineral  water,  quick- 
silver, silver,  and  sulphur. 

In  forty-seventh  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Mineral  water 

Quicksilver  

Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals*  


165.130  gals. 
492  flasks 


$24,371 

41,660 

5.000 

1,503 


Total $72,534 

•Includes  copper,  gold  and  silver. 


7—25437 


9ii  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

LASSEN. 
Area:  4,531  square  miles. 

Population:  7,000  (estimated  by  board  of  supervisors,  1913). 
Location:  Northeast  portion  of  state. 

Lassen  County  is  one  of  the  least  explored  sections  of  California. 
Since  about  1912  a  railroad  traversing  the  county  north  and  south  has 
been  in  operation,  thus  affording  opportunity  for  development  along 
mineral  and  other  lines. 

Among  the  mineral  resources  of  this  county  are  copper,  gems,  gyp- 
sum, gold,  silver,  and  sulphur. 

In  fifty-sixth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 

Substance  i     Value 

Stone,  miscellaneous $870 


Total  $870 

LOS  ANGELES. 

Area:  4,067  square  miles. 

Population:  800,000  (estimated  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1913). 

Mineral  production  in  Los  Angeles  County  for  the  year  1915 
amounted  in  value  to  $4,168,612,  as  compared  with  the  1914  output, 
worth  $4,665,504.  This  county  ranks  fifth  in  the  state  as  a  mineral 
producer. 

Its  output  of  brick  was  nearly  a  million  dollars,  and  that  of  petroleum 
amounted  nearly  to  two  million  dollars.  Among  its  mineral  resources 
may  be  noted  asphalt,  barytes,  borax,  brick,  clay,  fuller's  earth,  gems, 
gold,  graphite,  gypsum,  infusorial  earth,  limestone,  marble,  mineral 
paint,  mineral  water,  natural  gas,  petroleum,  salt,  glass-sand,  sandstone, 
serpentine,  silver,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone.  Some  potash  is 
obtained  from  kelp. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick      .  .      -_      . — 

88,669  M. 
6,507  tons 

$820,312 

Clay  (pottery)     -  -  -  -  -  - 

1,511 

Gems                                                          -    - 

700 

Mineral  water                            _    _ 

350,171  gals. 
1,729,035  M  cu.  ft. 
2,931,098  bbls. 

29.491 

Natural  gas        _       . 

120,783 

Petroleum  

Stone    mispellnnpous 

1.843.661 
1,022,134 

Other  rninerals*                                         __     -     - __  __  . ._ 

330,020 

Total                                                           

$4,168,612 

•Includes  barite,  borax,  potash,  salt. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  99 

MADERA. 
Area:  2,112  square  miles. 

Population:  15,000  (estimated  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1913). 
Location:  East  central  portion  of  state. 

IMadera  County  produced  six  mineral  substances  during  the  year 
1915,  having  a  total  value  of  $145,063,  as  compared  with  the  1914  out- 
put, worth  $203,517.  This  county  contains  deposits  of  copper,  gold, 
iron,  lead,  molybdenum,  pumice,  silver,  and  building  stone. 

In  forty-first  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 

SubsttDce  Amount        i     Value 


Brick I       200  M.     I  $1,400 

Copper    40,294  lbs.  7.0ol 

Gold - - 11,214 

Silver  2,126 

Stone,  miscellaneous 122,272 

Other  minerals 1,000 

Total    - — - $145,063 


MARIN. 
Area:  529  square  miles. 

Population:  25,114  (1910  census). 

Mineral  production  in  Marin  County  during  the  year  1915  reached 
a  value  of  $160,528,  as  compared  to  the  1914  output,  worth  $554,137. 
The  considerable  decrease  was  due  to  completion  early  in  the  year  of 
three  large  contracts  for  rubble  and  macadam — the  Key  Route  mole, 
San  Francisco  waterfront  bulkhead  and  the  Exposition  roadways — rock 
for  all  of  which  came  from  INIarin  County.  This  county  is  not  especially 
prolific  in  minerals,  although  among  its  resources  along  these  lines  are 
brick,  gems,  manganese,  mineral  water,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous 
stone. 

In  fortieth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick    

10.000  M. 
60,000  gals. 

'     $50,000 

Mineral  water 

9,000 

Stone,  miscellaneous    .    

101,528 

Total 

$160,528 

i 

100  MINERAL,   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

MARIPOSA. 
Area:  1,463  square  miles. 
Population:  3,956  (1910  census). 

Location:   Most   southerly    of   the   Mother   Lode   counties.     East 
central  portion  of  state. 

Mariposa  County  is  one  of  the  distinctly  ''mining"  counties  of  the 
state,  although  it  stands  but  thirty-first  on  the  list  of  counties  in  regard 
to  the  value  of  its  mineral  output  for  1915,  with  a  total  of  $412,326,  as 
compared  with  the  1914  figures  of  $187,870.  The  increase  is  due  to 
gold. 

Its  mineral  resources  are  varied;  among  the  more  important  items 
being  barytes,  copper,  gems,  gold,  lead,  marble,  silver,  slate,  soap- 
stone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Copper --  — - 

38,630  lbs. 

$6,760 

Gold 

385,577 

Silver        .      

2,175 

Stone,  luiscellaneous 

17,214 

Other  minerals - 

600 

Total    

$412,326 

MENDOCINO. 
Area:  3,453  square  miles. 
Population:  23,929  (1910  census). 

Location:  Joins  Humboldt  County  on  the  south  and  bounded  by 

the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

Mendocino's  annual  mineral  production  is  small,  the  1915  output 

being  valued  at  $24,536,  ranking  it  forty-ninth  among  the  counties. 

That   of   1914,   however,   was  worth   $560.     The  increase   is   due   to 

manganese. 

Deposits  of  undetermined  value,  of  asbestos,  chromite,  coal,  copper, 
graphite,  magnesite,  and  mineral  water  have  be»n  found,  as  well  as 
traces  of  gold  and  silver.     For  the  coming  year  there  are  good  prospects 
for  a  continued  commercial  yield  of  manganese  ore. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 

Substance  Amount  Value 

Manganese  ore 2,858  tons       $23,036 

Stone,  miscellaneous  1,500 


Total $24,536 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  101 

MERCED. 
Area:  1,995  square  miles. 
Population:  15,148  (1910  census). 
Location:  About  the  geographical  center  of  the  state. 

Merced  County  as  a  whole  lies  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  it 
figures  as  one  of  the  lesser  mineral-producing  counties  of  the  state. 
The  1915  mineral  output  was  valued  at  $94,032.  Gold,  platinum  and 
silver,  obtained  by  dredging,  are  among  the  important  items.  Copper 
and  crushed  rock  have  also  been  commercially  produced.  Undeveloped 
deposits  of  antimony,  quicksilver,  and  limestone,  have  been  noted  in 
this  county,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing. 

In  forty-fourth  place,  commercial  production  during  1915  was  as 
follows : 


~r 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Lead •    690  lbs.  $32 

Other  minerals  ..- 94,000 

Total $94,032 


MODOC. 
Area:  3,823  square  miles. 
Population:  Q,Vdl  (1910  census). 
Location:  The  extreme  northeast  corner  of  the  state. 
Modoc  County,  like  Lassen,  has  only  recently  had  the  benefit  of  com- 
munication with  the  outside  world  by  rail.     Among  its  known  mineral 
resources  are:  Clay,  coal,  gold,  iron,  quicksilver,  salt,  and  silver. 
In  fifty-second  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Value 

Gold -.    

$7,557 

Silver 

104 

Stone,  miscellaneons  .    .    . 

300 

Other  minerals    .           -  _ 

720 

Total  

$8,681 

102  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF   CALIFORNIA. 

MONO. 
Area:  3,030  square  miles. 
Population:  2,843  (1910  census). 

Location:  Is  bordered  by  the  state  of  Nevada  on  the  east  and  is 
about  in  the  central  portion  of  the  state  measured  on  a  north 
and  south  line. 
Gold  mining  has  been  carried  on  in  portions  of  Mono  County  for 
many  years,  although  taken  as  a  whole  it  lies  in  a  rather  inaccessible 
country  and  has  been  but  superficially  explored.     It  is  in  the  contin- 
uation of  the  highly  mineralized  belt  which  was  noted  in  Inyo  County 
and  contains  among  other  mineral  resources  barytes,  bismuth,  clay, 
copper,  gold,  gypsum,  iron,  lead,  limestone,  pumice,  salt,  silver,  and 
travertine. 

In  forty-third  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Value 

Gold    

$107,302 

Silver      .      _         .  .  •. .  _      

1,923 

Other  minerals  .    .___._ -  . 

200 

Total        -    .                              -                       --                                      -          - 

$109,425 

MONTEREY. 
Area:  3,330  square  miles. 
Population:  24,146  (1910  census). 
Location:  West  central  portion  of  state,  bordering  on  Pacific  Ocean. 

]\Ionterey  Count}'  produced  seven  mineral  substances  during  the  year 
1915,  having  a  total  value  of  $84,986,  as  compared  with  the  1914  out- 
put worth  $113,831.  Its  mineral  resources  include  brick,  clay,  copper, 
coal,  feldspar,  fuller's  earth,  gold,  silver,  gypsum,  infusorial  earth, 
limestone,  mineral  water,  petroleum,  quicksilver,  glass-sand,  sandstone, 
silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

In  forty -fifth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  Avas  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Mineral  water |  8,200  gals. '      $2,050 

Stone 32,799 

Other  minerals* 50,137 

I  

Total    I $84,986 

*lncludes  coal,  feldspar,  infusorial  earth,  quicksilver,  silica. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


103 


NAPA. 
Area:  783  square  miles. 

Population:  19,800  (1910  census). 

Location:  Directly  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay — one  of  the  "bay 
counties." 
Napa,  because  of  its  production  of  structural  and  industrial  materials, 
and  quicksilver,  stands  twenty-second  on  the  list  of  mineral-producing 
counties  in  California.  Its  mineral  resources  include  asbestos,  barytes, 
copper,  cement,  gypsum,  magnesite,  mineral  water,  quicksilver,  sand- 
stone, soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Magnesite    1.050  tons 

Mineral  water 133,387  gals. 

Quicksilver 507  flasks 

Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals* 


$9,45u 

73,535 

45,224 

108,387 

647,625 


Total -J $884,221 


•Includes  cement  and  sandstone. 

NEVADA. 
Area:  974  square  miles. 

Population:  14,955  (1910  census). 

Location:  North  of  Lake  Tahoe,  on  the  eastern  border  of  the  state. 

Nevada,  one  of  the  mountain  counties  of  California,  though  it  led  all 
others  in  its  gold  output  for  1914,  was  dropped  to  second  place  in  1915 
by  the  wonderful  spurt  of  Amador  County.  Nevada  County  stands 
eighth  on  the  list  in  regard  to  the  value  of  its  total  mineral  output, 
with  a  figure  of  $3,492,946,  as  compared  with  the  1914  production  worth 
$3,329,179. 

While  this  county  actually  produces  little  else  in  the  mineral  line 
aside  from  gold  and  silver,  its  resources  cover  a  wide  scope,  including 
antimony,  asbestos,  barytes,  bismuth,  chromite,  clay,  copper,  gems, 
iron,  lead,  mineral  paint,  pyrite,  soapstone,  and  tungsten. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

■ 

Copper  

1,817  lbs. 

$318 
3,466,722 

Gold - 

Lead   -    _ 

• 

1,567  lbs. 

74 

Silver  

23,762 

Stone,  miscellaneous        .  _               .  ._    __            _  _  _    

500 

Other  minerals    

1,570 

Total 

$3,492,946 

104  MINERAL   IN-DUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

ORANGE. 
Area:  795  square  miles. 

Fopxdation:  34,436  (1910  census). 

Location:  Southwestern  portion  of  state,  bordering  Pacific  Ocean. 

Orange  County  is  one  of  the  many  in  California  which  on  casual 
inspection  appears  to  be  anything  but  a  mineral-producing  section.  It 
stands,  however,  as  the  fourth  county  in  the  state  in  regard  to  the  total 
value  of  mineral  output,  its  highly  productive  oil  fields  making  such  a 
condition  possible. 

This  county  shows  a  loss  in  1915,  with  a  total  value  of  mineral  pro- 
ducts of  $6,617,112,  from  the  1914  output,  worth  $8,831,763. 

Aside  from  the  substances  actually  produced  and  noted  in  the  table 
below,  coal,  gypsum,  iron,  infusorial  earth,  sandstone,  and  tourmaline 
have  been  found  in  Orange  County. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount  Value 


Brick - I         1,280  M.  $16,000 

Copper  j               4  lbs.  1 

Lead    364  lbs.  17 

Natural  gas  '    1,243,301  M  eu.  ft.  81,753 

Petroleum   12,715.457  bbls.  6,510,314 

Stone,  miscellaneous  9,027 


Total ! $6,617,112 


PLACER. 

Area:  1,395  square  miles. 

Population:  18,237  (1910  census). 

Location:  Eastern  border  of  state  directly  west  of  Lake  Tahoe. 
While  standing  only  twentieth  on  the  list  of  mineral-producing 
counties,  Placer  contains  a  wide  variety  of  mineral  substances  which 
have  never  been  commercially  exploited.  Its  leading  products  are  gold, 
granite,  copper,  and  clay.  Other  mineral  resources,  many  of  them 
undeveloped,  are:  Asbestos,  brick,  chromite,  coal,  gems,  iron,  lead, 
limestone,  magnesite,  manganese,  marble,  quartz  crystals,  glass-sand, 
silver,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 


STATISTICS  OP  ANNUAL  PRODUCTION. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


105 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick 

2,000  M 
49,126  tons 

$10,000 

Clay,  Dottery ._ 

37,5;36 

Gold                            .                 -        .           - 

414,319 

Lead         .        -              ...           .                 ..---. 

711  lbs. 
1,236  tons 

33 

Limestone 

2,432 

Silver                                                   .  _        .    .           

24,543 

Stone,  miscellaneous    .  . 

98,187 

Other  minerals* ^ 

346,810 

Total 

$963,860 

•Includes  asbestos  and  copper. 


PLUMAS. 
Area:  2,594  miles. 

Population:  5,259  (1910  census). 

Locatimi:  Northeastern  border  of  state,  south  of  Lassen, 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  area  of  Plumas  County  lies  in  the  high 
mountains,  and  deposits  of  the  metals,  especially  gold  and  copper,  are 
found  there.  Lack  of  transportation  and  other  facilities  have  retarded 
its  growth,  but  its  future  is  decidedly  promising.  Mineral  production 
for  1915  was  valued  at  $745,515,  as  compared  with  the  1914  output, 
worth  $164,809,  the  increase  being  largely  due  to  copper. 

Among  its  mineral  resources  are:  Chromite,  copper,  gold,  granite, 
iron,  lead,  limestone,  manganese,  platinum  minerals,  silver,  tungsten, 
and  zinc. 

In  twenty-fourth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as 
follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Copper    3,164,496  lbs. 

Gold    

Silver   


Value 


Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals  

Total 


$553,787 

167,440 

19,025 

5,431 

32 

$745,715 


8—25437 


106  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

RIVERSIDE. 

Area:  7,240  square  miles. 

Population:  34,696   (1910  census). 

Location:  Southern  portion  of  state. 
Riverside  is  the  fourth  county  in  the  state  in  size  and  the  seventeenth 
in  regard  to  the  total  value  of  mineral  output  for  1915.  AVithin  its 
borders  are  included  mountain,  desert,  and  agricultural  land.  Its 
mineral  resources  include  metals,  structural  and  industrial  materials, 
and  salines,  some  of  the  more  important  being  asbestos,  borax,  brick, 
cement,  clay,  coal,  copper,  gems,  gold,  graphite,  gypsum,  iron,  lead, 
limestone,  manganese,  magnesite,  marble,  mineral  paint,  mineral  water, 
nitre,  salt,  glass-sand,  soapstone,  silver,  miscellaneous  stone,  and  tin. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 

Substance  I  Amount  i       Value 


Brick  1,055  M.  $16,880 

Clay,  pottery  59,5&4  tons  54,840 

Copper 23,825  lbs.  4,169 

Gold 10,769 

Gypsum      .              .         3,450  tons  13,650 

Lead                                               -      32,072  lbs.  1,507 

Mineral  water 200.000  gals.  10,000 

Silver   1.522 

Stone,  miscellaneous 213,440 

Other  minerals* 1,022,814 


Total — $1,349,591 


♦Includes  cement,  potash  and  silica. 

SACRAMENTO. 

Area:  983  square  miles. 

Population:  90,000  (estimate  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1913). 

Location:  North  central  portion  of  state. 
Sacramento  stands  twelfth  among  the  counties  of  the  state  as  a  min- 
eral producer,  the  output,  principally  gold,  for  1915  being  valued  at 
$2,562,281,  as  compared  with  the  1914  production,  worth  $2,632,658.  In 
regard  to  gold  output  alone  this  county  ranks  fourth,  being  exceeded 
only  by  Amador,  Nevada,  and  Yuba  counties.  Its  mineral  resources 
include:  Brick,  clay,  gold,  natural  gas,  platinum,  silver,  and  miscel- 
laneous stone. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


SulHitnnce 


Amount 


107 


Value 


Brick 9,920  M.  $82,973 

Gold _■.. 2,131,813 

Platinum   196  ounces  6,217 

Silver 3,151 

Stone,  miscellaneous  284,127 

Other  minerals.  :  54,000 

Total ! $2,562,281 


SAN  BENITO. 
Area:  1,392  square  miles. 
Population:  8,041  (1910  census). 
Location:  "West  central  portion  of  state. 

Although  twenty-sixth  among  the  counties  of  the  state  in  regard  to 
value  of  total  mineral  production,  San  Benito  leads  in  one  importan 
branch  of  the  mineral  industry,  namely,  quicksilver. 

Its  other  mineral  resources,  many  of  them  undeveloped,  include: 
Antimony,  bituminous  rock,  chromite,  coal,  gypsum,  gems,  limestone, 
mineral  water,  soapstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick _      .  .          -             

260  M. 
2,500  tons 
1,200  gals. 
6,291  flasks 



$1,560 

Dolomite 

9,500 

Mineral  water 

300 

Quicksilver 

475,370 

Stone,  miscellaneous    _       _ 

155,000 

Other  minerals       ._-__.-  _  _ 

335 

Total                                      -           

$642,065 

SAN  BERNARDINO. 
Area:  20,157  square  miles. 

Population:  75,000  (estimate  by  Board  of  Supervisors,  1913). 
Location:  Southeastern  portion  of  state. 

San  Bernardino,  by  far  the  largest  county  in  the  state,  ranks  eleventh 
as  regards  the  value  of  its  mineral  output  for  1915,  with  a  total  of 
$2,674,042,  as  compared  with  the  1914  total  of  $1,614,606.  The  marked 
increase  is  due  mainly  to  tungsten  and  gold,  the  well-known  Atolia 
district  contributing  the  former. 

This  county,  consisting  largely  of  mountain  and  desert  country,  is 
liighly  mineralized,  a  few  of  the  more  important  mineral  resources 


108 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


being :  Asbestos,  barytes,  borax,  brick,  cement,  clay,  copper,  gems,  gold, 
gypsum,  iron,  lead,  limestone,  manganese,  marble,  mineral  paint,  min- 
eral water,  nitre,  potash,  salt,  glass-sand,  silver,  soapstone,  soda,  miscel- 
laneous stone,  talc,  tungsten,  tuff,  vanadium,  and  zinc. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick 400  M 

Cement    915,000  bbls 

Copper 209,440  lbs 

Gold 

Lead 169,183  lbs 

Limestone  68,500  tons 

Mineral  water 37,480  gals. 

Salt  542  tons 

Silver  

Stone,  miscellaneous  

Tungsten  concentrates 864  tons 

Zinc   39,848  lbs. 

Other  minerals* 

Total    


$2,400 

980,000 

36,652 

416,967 

7,952 

68,500 

7,350 

3,324 

64.165 

178,528 

840.947 

4,941 

62,316 


$2,674,042 


•Includes  dolomite,  gypsum,  lime,  manganese,  marble,  mineral  paint,  soapstone  and  talc 

SAN  DIEGO. 
Area:  4,221  square  miles. 

Population :  140,000  (estimate  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1913). 
Location :  Extreme  southwest  corner  of  state. 
San  Diego,  first  in  California  in  the  production  of  gem  stones,  ranks 
thirty-sixth  in  the  total  value  of  its  mineral  output.  This  figure  for 
1915  equaled  $211,129,  as  compared  to  the  1914  output,  worth  $315,267. 
Aside  from  minerals  commercially  produced,  as  shown  below,  San  Diego 
County  contains  deposits  of  asbestos,  bismuth,  lithia  mica,  marble, 
potash,  soapstone,  tin,  and  tungsten. 

A  new  development  is  the  shipping  of  pebbles  for  grinding  mills. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick  .. 
Copper 
Gems  -- 


1,260  M. 
3,008  lbs. 


Gold 

Lead   23  lbs. 

Mineral  water I   10,350  gals. 

Salt !   17,616  tons 

Silv( 


>ilver 


Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals 


$21,025 

526 

2,465 

1,364 

1 

1,035 

19,616 

9 

163,723 

1,365 


Total 


$211,129 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION.  109 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 
Area:  43  square  miles. 

Population:  527,000  (estimate  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1915). 
Surprising  as  it  may  appear  at  first  glance,  San  Francisco  County  is 
listed  among  the  mineral  producing  sections  of  the  state,  actual  pro- 
duction consisting  of  crushed  rock,  sand,  and  gravel.  Small  quantities 
of  various  valuable  mineral  substances  are  found  here,  including  cinna- 
bar, gypsum,  lignite,  and  magnesite,  none,  however,  in  paying  quantities. 
In  forty-second  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

Value 

Stone,  miscellaneous       _                                               -          .      ._ 

$128,270 

Total 

$128,270 

1 

SAN  JOAQUIN. 
Area:  1,448  square  miles. 
Population:  50,731  (1910  census). 
Location:  Central  portion  of  state. 
San  Joaquin  County  reported  a  mineral  production  for  the  year 
1915  having  a  total  value  of  $248,394,  as  compared  with  the  1914  out- 
put, worth  $129,930.     Comparatively  few  mineral  substances  are  found 
here,  the  chief  ones  being  brick,  clay,  infusorial  earth,  manganese, 
natural  gas,  glass-sand,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

In   thirty-fourth   place,    commercial   production    for   1915   was    as 
follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick  _._ 3,000  M.  $75,000 

Manganese 460  tons  7,400 

Natural  gas  161.923  M  cu.  ft.  143.974 

Stone,  miscellaneous  — . 21,620 

Other  minerals 400 


Total $248,394 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO. 
Area:  3,334  square  miles. 
Population:  19,383  (1910  census). 

Location:  Bordered  by  Kern  County  on  the  east  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean  on  the  west. 
The  total  value  of  the  mineral  production  of  San  Luis  Obispo  County 
in  1915  was  $227,632,  as  compared  with  the  1914  output,  worth  $63,465. 


110  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

Among  its  mineral  resources,  both  developed  and  undeveloped,  are: 
Asphalt,  bituminous  rock,  brick,  chromite,  coal,  copper,  gold,  gypsum, 
infusorial  earth,  limestone,  marble,  mineral  water,  onyx,  petroleum, 
quicksilver,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

In  thirty-fifth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Mineral  water 

Quicksilver  

Stone,  miscellaneous  

Other  minerals* | 1,940 

Total 


Amount 


Value 


4,500  gals.     I  $675 

1,473  flasks  125,542 

99,475 


$227,632 


*Indudes  bituminous  rock  and  chrome. 

SAN  MATEO. 

Area:  447  square  miles. 

Population:    37,500    (estimate    by    coimty    board    of   supervisors, 

1913). 
Location:  Peninsula,  adjoined  by  San  Francisco  on  the  north. 
San  Mateo's  most  important  mineral  products  are  limestone  and 
salt,  the  latter  being  derived  by  evaporation  from  the  waters  of  San 
Francisco  Bay.     The  total  value  of   all   mineral  production   during 
3915  equaled  $177,891,  as  compared  with  the  1914  figures  of  $246,478. 
Small  amounts  of  barytes,  chromite,  infusorial  earth  and  quicksilver 
have  been  discovered  in  addition  to  the  items  of  economic  value  noted 
below. 

In  thirty-ninth  place,  commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  fol- 
lows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick 

715  M. 

$19,550 

Gems 

100 

Salt 

25,500  tons 

63,750 

Stone,  miscellaneous 

98,391 

Other  minerals 

1,100 

Total 

$177,891 

SANTA  BARBARA. 
Area:  2,740  square  miles. 
Population:  27,738  (1910  census). 

Location:  Southwestern  portion  of  state,  joining  San  Luis  Obispo 
on  the  south. 
Santa  Barbara  County  owes  its  position  as  seventh  in  the  state  in 
regard  to  its  mineral  product  to  the  presence  of  productive  oil  fields 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


Ill 


within  its  boundaries.  The  total  value  of  its  mineral  production  dur- 
ing the  year  1915  was  $3,984,966,  as  compared  with  the  1914  output  of 
$2,686,309.  Santa  Barbara,  in  company  with  only  Fresno  and  Santa 
Clara,  showed  an  increase  in  petroleum  valuation  for  1915. 

Aside  from  the  mineral  substances  listed  below,  Santa  Barbara 
County  contains  asphalt,  diatomaceous  earth,  gilsonite,  gypsum,  mag- 
nesite,  and  quicksilver  in  more  or  less  abundance. 

Commercial  production  fox    1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick    .      .  .    - 

1.800  M. 
5.956  tons 
189,026  gals. 
3,193,368  M  cu.  ft. 
5.634,534  bbls. 
29,900  cu.  ft. 

$14,400 

Limestone  

Mineral  water .  --  - 

10.006 
156.175 

Natural  cas 

279.697 

Petroleum                             

3.442.700 

Sandstone _  - 

6.488 

Stone    miseellaneous                                 - 

13,900 

Other  minerals*                                 .  _ 

61.600 

Total                                                

$3,984,966 

•Includes  infusorial  earth  and  quicksilver. 


SANTA  CLARA. 

Area:  1,328  square  miles. 

Population:  97,039  (estimate  by  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1913). 

Location:  West  central  portion  of  state. 
Santa  Clara  County  reported  a  mineral  output  for  1915  of  $635,229 
as  compared  with  the  1914  figures  of  $266,956.  This  county,  lying 
largely  in  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  contains  a  wide  variety  of 
mineral  substances,  including  brick,  chrome,  clay,  limestone,  mag- 
nesite,  manganese,  mineral  water,  petroleum,  quicksilver,  soapstone, 
r-ind  miscellaneous  stone.  It  stood  second  in  quicksilver  yield  for  the 
year. 

In   twenty-seventh   place,   commercial  production  for   1915  was  as 
follows : 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick '   10,096  M. 

Magnesite 7.623  tons 

Mineral  water 38.400  gals. 

Petroleum   16,617  bbls. 

Quicksilver  ._     4.386  flasks 

Stone,  miscellaneous  

Other  minerals . 


$57,784 
74.607 
16,770 
11.067 

376,319 

98.342 

340 


Total i     $635,229 


112  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

SANTA  CRUZ. 
Area:  435  square  miles. 
Population:  26,140  (1910  census). 

Location:   Bordering   Pacific    Ocean,    just   south   of    San   Mateo 

County. 

The  mineral  output  of  Santa  Cruz  County,  a  portion  of  which  is 

itemized  below,  amounted  to  a  total  value  of  $1,581,511,  giving  the 

county  a  standing  of  fifteenth  among  all  others  in  the  state  in  this 

regard,  though  a  slight  decrease  from  the  previous  year's  total. 

Among  the  mineral  resources  known  here  are  bituminous  rock, 
cement,  coal,  graphite,  gold,  lime,  limestone,  petroleum,  silver,  and 
miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 

^ ^ 1 . 

Substance  Amount  Value 

Bituminous  rock 17.399  tons  $60,728 

Lime   191,&43  bbls.  177,873 

Limestone  2,047  tons  4,873 

Stone,  miscellaneous  6,794 

Other  minerals 1,331,263 


Total $1,581  531 

SHASTA. 
Area:  3,858  square  miles. 
Population:  18,920  (1910  census). 
Location:  North  central  portion  of  state. 

Shasta  County  stands  second  in  California  among  the  mineral- 
producing  counties,  with  an  output  valued  at  $8,350,133,  as  compared 
with  the  1914  production,  worth  $5,044,930.  Not  taking  petroleum 
into  account,  Shasta  leads  all  the  counties  by  a  wide  margin.  This 
county  is  first  in  copper  production,  first  in  silver,  first  in  pyrite, 
first  in  zinc,  and  seventh  in  gold.  The  Shasta  copper  belt  is  the  most 
important  deposit  of  this  metal  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  present 
production  would  be  practically  doubled  were  it  not  for  the  conflict 
between  the  agricultural  interests  and  the  smelters  regarding  the  alleged 
damage  done  to  crops  by  the  smelter  fumes.  Some  of  the  smelters  have 
been  closed  by  injunction  and  others  have  been  forced  to  curtail  their 
output  in  the  effort  to  render  their  gaseous  waste  innocuous.  The  situa- 
tion is  showing  improvement. 

Shasta's  mineral  resources  include:  Asbestos,  barytes,  brick,  chrome, 
coal,  copper,  gold,  iron,  lead,  lime,  limestone,  mineral  water,  molybde- 
num, pyrite,  silver,  miscellaneous  stone,  and  zinc. 

Lassen  Peak  is  located  in  southeastern  Shasta  County. 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


113 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick 

1 

1,836  M. 
1,757  tons 
30,828,917  lbs. 

$11,550 

Chrome   .. 

17,570 

Copper , 

5,395,060 

Gold 

1,120,848 

Lead    .           

180.936  lbs. 
44,953  tons 
12,000  gals. 

8,504 

Limestone .. 

40,945 

Mineral  water 

1,800 

Silver                                                       .              ..       

459,566 

Stone,  miscellaneous        .           - ._  -  

1,418 

Zinc                -                      - - - 

8,378.401  lbs. 

1,038,922 

Othor  minerals*                                                                 _      __  _ 

253,950 

Total 

$8,350,133 

•Includes  Iron  ore,  pyrite  and  lime. 

SIERRA. 
Area:  923  square  miles. 

Population:  4,098  (1910  census). 

Location:  Eastern  border  of  state,  just  north  of  Nevada  County. 

Sierra  County  reported  a  mineral  production  of  $729,518,  consist! '^ 
of  gold  and  silver,  during  the  year  1915,  as  compared  with  the  1914 
output,  worth  $733,000.     Considering  gold  output  alone,  this  county 
stands  ninth;  and  as  to  total  mineral  yield,  twenty-fifth. 

Aside  from  the  metals  itemized  below.  Sierra  County  contains  de- 
posits of  asbestos,  chromite,  iron,  lead,  platinum  minerals,  serpentine, 
and  talc. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Value 

Gold   

$726,362 

Silver 

3,156 

Total     ...      , 

$729,518 

SISKIYOU. 

Area:  6,256  square  miles. 

Population:  18,800   (1910  census). 

Location:  Extreme  north  central  portion  of  state,  next  Oregon 
boundary. 

Siskiyou,  fifth  county  in  California  in  regard  to  size,  located  in  a 
highly  mineralized  and  mountainous  country,  ranks  twenty-eighth  in 
regard  to  the  value  of  its  mineral  output  for  1915.  Although  the 
county  is  traversed  by  a  transcontinental  railroad  in  a  north  and  south 


114 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


line,  the  mineral-bearing  sections  are  almost  without  exception  far  from 
transportation  and  other  facilities.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is 
accessible  by  trail  alone.  Future  development  and  exploitation  will 
doubtless  increase  the  productiveness  of  this  part  of  the  state  to  a 
great  degree. 

Among  Siskiyou's  mineral  resources  are:  Chromite,  clay,  coal,  cop- 
per, gems,  gold,  lead,  limestone,  marble,  mineral  water,  pumice,  quick- 
silver, sandstone,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Gold 

$426,716 

Lead   

188  lbs. 
745  bbls. 
626,680  gals. 

9 

Lime 

745 

Mineral  water .    

62,990 

Silver  

2.081 

Stone,  miscellaneous                                                                         . 

4,630 

Other  minerals* .      

16,923 

Total .      

$514,094 

•Includes  chrome,  copper,  marble,  sandstone. 


SOLANO. 
Area:  822  square  miles. 

Population:  27,559  (1910  census). 

Location:  Touching  San  Francisco  Bay  on  the  northeast. 

Solano,  while  mostly  valley  land,  produced  mineral  substances  during 
the  year  1915  to  the  total  value  of  $1,335,923,  ranking  sixteenth 
among  the  counties  of  the  state.  Among  her  mineral  resources  are : 
Brick,  cement,  clay,  fuller's  earth,  limestone,  mineral  water,  natural 
gas,  onyx,  petroleum,  quicksilver,  salt,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Mineral  water 64,200  gals.  $8,000 

Stone,  miscellaneous  37,576 

Other  minerals*  1,290,347 

Total j  $1,335,923 

•Includes  cement,  fuller's  earth,  natural  gas,  quicksilver,  salt. 


STATISTICS   OF   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 


115 


SONOMA. 

Area:  1,577  square  miles. 
Population. "^8,394:  (1910)  census). 

Location:  South  of  Mendocino  County,  bordering  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 
Sonoma  ranked  thirty-third  among  the  counties  of  California  dur- 
ing the  year  1915,  with  a  mineral  production  of  $276,104,  as  compared 
with  its  1914  output  worth  $326,144.     More  paving  blocks  are  turned 
out  here  than  in  any  other  section  of  the  state. 

Among  Sonoma's  mineral  r&sources  are:  Brick,  ehromite,  clay,  cop- 
per, graphite,  infusorial  earth,  magnesite,  marble,  mineral  paint,  min- 
eral water,  quicksilver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Maenesite                       -      -  - 

3,624  tons 
258,600  gals. 
159  flasks 

$34,788 

Afirtorni  wafpr                                                      -       - 

41,231 

Oiiicksilvcr                      - _ 

21,793 

Stonp  misippllanpoiis - 

177,917 

Otlior  minovnls 

375 

Total 

$276,104 

STANISLAUS. 

Area:  1,450  square  miles. 

Population:   35,000    (estimated   by    the   county   board   of  super- 
visors). 
Location:  Center  of  state,  bounded  on  south  by  Merced  County. 
Gold  is  the  chief  mineral  product  of  Stani.slaus  County,  although 
brick,  clay,  gypsum,  iron,  manganese,  mineral  paint,  quicksilver,  and 
silver  are  found  here  to  some  extent  as  well.     This  county,  for  1915, 
ranks  thirty-seventh  in  the  state  in  regard  to  vahie  of  minerals,  with 
an  output  of  $191,771.    In  order  not  to  reveal  individual  business,  the 
gold,  platinum,  and  silver  yield  of  its  single  dredge  is  combined  with 
the  data  of  other  minerals. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 


Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals* 


Value 


$2,250 
189,521 


Total  : $191,771 


'Includes  gold,  mineral  paint,  silver,  platinum,  quicksilver. 


116  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SUTTER. 
Area:  608  square  miles. 
Population:  6,329  (1910  census). 

Location:  Bounded  by  Butte  County  on  the  north  and  Sacramento 

on  the  south. 

Sutter  is  one  of  only  two  counties  in  the  state  which  reported  no 

commercial  output  of  some  kind  of  mineral  substance  during  1915. 

Both  clay  and  coal  exist  here,  but  deposits  of  neither  mineral  have 

been  placed  on  a  productive  basis. 

TEHAMA. 

Area:  2,893  square  miles. 
Population:  11,401  (1910  census). 

Location:  North   central  portion   of  the  state,   bounded   on  the 
north  by  Shasta. 
Tehama  stands   fifty-third   among   the   fifty-six   mineral-producing 
counties  of  the  state.     Its  mineral  output  during  1915  was  valued  at 
$4,702,  as  compared  with  the  1914  production,  worth  $300. 

Among  its  mineral  resources   are  listed:   Brick,   chromite,   copper, 
gold,  marble,  mineral  water,  salt,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 
Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows : 


Substance 

.\mount 

Value 

Brick                -                          -          _--         - --    

400  M. 

1,000  gals. 

$2,700 

Mineral  water            __ __      __ - 

500 

Stone,  miscellaneous    ^       __-    ___ 

750 

Other  minerals* 

752 

Total 

$4,702 

♦Includes  chrome  and  salt. 

TRINITY. 
Area:  3,166  square  miles. 
Population:  3,301  (1910  census). 
Location:  Northwestern  portion  of  state. 
Trinity,  like  Siskiyou  County,  requires  transportation  facilities  to 
further  the  development  of  its  many  and  varied  mineral  resources. 
Deposits  of  asbestos,  barytes,  chromite,  copper,  gold,  mineral  water, 
platinum,  quicksilver,  silver,  and  building  stone  are  known  here,  but 
v/ith  the  exception  of  gold  and  copper,  very  little  active  production  of 
these  mineral  substances  is  possible,  as  yet. 


STATISTICS   OP   ANNUAL   PRODUCTION. 

In  twenty-ninth  place,  commercial  output  for  1915  was : 


117 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Gold    

$441,846 

Mineral  water 

120  gals. 
13  ounces 

360 

Platinum  _, 

435 

Silver                                                                       .         

3,470 

Stone,  niiscellaneous                _                            _  _  _ 

900 

Other  minerals       .    -  - 

52,500 

Total 

$499,511 

TULARE. 
Area:  4,856  square  miles. 
Population:  35,440  (1910  census). 

Location:  Bounded  by  Inyo  on  the  east,  Kern  on  the  south,  Fresno 
on  the  north. 

Tulare  stands  thirty-eighth  on  the  list  of  mineral-producing  counties. 
Her  mineral  resources,  among  others,  are :  Brick,  clay,  copper,  feld- 
spar, graphite,  gems,  limestone,  magnesite,  marble,  natural  gas,  quartz, 
glass-sand,  soapstone,  miscellaneous  stone,  and  zinc.  Tulare  leads  the 
state  in  magnesite  output. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 


Amount 


Value 


Brick 

Feldspar  

Limestone  

Magnesite    

Stone,  miscellaneous 
Other  minerals* 


5,520  M. 
1,800  tons 
1,349  tons 
11,574  tons 


Total 


$33,364 

6,500 

1,888 

104,166 

36,851 

1,830 


$184,599 


•Includes  chrome  and  silica. 


TUOLUMNE. 
Area:  2,190  square  miles. 
Population:  9,979  (1910  census). 

Location:  East  central  portion  of  state — Mother  Lode  district. 
Tuolumne  ranks  nineteenth  among  the  counties  of  the  state  relative 
to  its  total  value  of  mineral  output.     As  a  producer  of  marble  its  stand- 
ing is  first. 


118  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

Chromite,  clay,  copper,  gold,  lead,  limestone,  marble,  mineral  paint, 
platinum,  soapstone,  silver,  and  miscellaneous  stone,  are  among  its 
mineral  resources. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Chrome _  .  - - _- 

352  tons 
27,667  lbs. 

$2,352 

Copper -- - . 

4,842 

Gold 

1,058,103 

Lead - - .  ._    .. 

1,779  lbs. 
8,859  tons 

84 

Limestone  _  .  _ .    _- 

11,349 

Silver  . ..  ...      ..-  . 

13,480 

Stone,  miscellaneous .  -  . -. 

1,900 

Other  minerals*    .  _ 

79,328 





Total       .            

$1,171,438 

♦Includes  dolomite,  lime  and  marble. 

VENTURA. 

Area:  1,878  square  miles. 

Population:  18,347  (1910  census). 

Location:   Southwestern   portion    of   state,   bordering   on   Pacific 
Ocean. 

Ventura  is  the  twenty-first  county  in  the  state  in  respect  to  the 
value  of  its  mineral  production  for  1915,  the  exact  figure  being 
$904,767,  as  compared  with  the  output  for  1914,  worth  $1,000,729. 

The  highest  gravity  petroleum  produced  in  the  state  is  found  here. 

Among  its  other  mineral  resources  are:  Asphalt,  borax,  brick,  clay, 
mineral  water,  natural  gas,  sandstone,  and  miscellaneous  stone. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Brick 

200  M. 

491,879  M  cu.  ft. 
1,017.220  bbls. 

$2,500 

Natural  gas 

29,670 

Petroleum 

869,723 

Stone,  miscellaneous 

2,674 

Other  minerals 

200 

Total              

$904,767 

STATISTICS   OP   ANIJUAL   PRODUCTION. 


119 


YOI.O. 
Area:  1,014  square  miles. 

Population:  13,926   (1910  census). 

Location:  Sacramento  Valley,  bounded  by  Sutter  on  the  east  and 
Colusa  on  the  north. 
The  mineral  production  from  Yolo  County  during  the  year  1915 
consisted  principally  of  quicksilver  and  miscellaneous  stone  valued 
at  $2,040,  ranking  it  in  fifty-fifth  place.  Deposits  of  undetermined 
value  of  iron  and  sandstone  have  been  discovered  within  the  confines 
of  this  county. 

Commercial  production  for  1915  was  as  follows: 


Substance 

Value 

Stone,  miscellaneous  .. 

$1,200 
840 

Other  minerals .. 

Total  

$2,040 

YUBA. 
Area:  639  square  miles. 

Population:  10,042   (1910  census). 

Location:  Lies  west   of   Sierra   and  Nevada   counties;   south   of 
Plumas. 

Yuba  is  tenth  of  the  fifty-six  mineral  producing  counties  of  the 
state,  and  is  third  in  regard  to  gold  output.  Quicksilver  and  iron 
deposits  have  been  reported  in  this  county,  aside  from  the  following 
commercial  production  as  reported  for  the  year  1915 : 


Substance 

Amount 

Value 

Gold  _. 

$2,703,710 

Platinum 

132  ounces 

4,174 

Silver     _  . 

5,254 

Stone,  miscellaneous  . 

149,292 

Total 

$2,862,430 

1 

120  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

CHAPTER  EIGHT. 

MINING  LAWS. 


The  fundamental  Federal  and  California  statutes  governing  mining,  the  California 
mine  bell  signals  and  forms  of  location  notices  are  given  herewith. 

MINING  BUREAU  ACT. 

Chapter  679. 
[Stats.,  1913.] 

An  act  establishing  a  state  mining  bureau,  creating  the  office  of  state  mineralogist, 
fixing  his  salary  and  prescribing  his  powers  and  duties;  providing  for  the 
employment  of  officers  and  employees  of  said  bureau,  making  it  the  duty  of 
persons  In  charge  of  mines,  mining  operations  and  quarries  to  make  certain- 
reports,  providing  for  the  investigation  of  mining  operations,  dealings  and 
transactions  and  the  prosecution  for  defrauding,  swindling  and  cheating  therein, 
creating  a  state  mining  bureau  fund  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions 
of  this  act  and  repealing  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the  establishment, 
maintenance,  and  support  of  a  bureau,  to  be  known  as  the  state  mining  bureau, 
and  for  the  appointment  and  duties  of  a  board  of  trustees,  to  be  known  as  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,  who  shall  have  the  direction,  man- 
agement and  control  of  said  state  mining  bureau,  and  to  provide  for  the  appoint- 
ment, duties,  and  compensation  of  a  state  mineralogist,  who  shall  perform  the 
duties  of  his  office  under  the  control^  direction  and  supervision  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,"  approved  IVIarch  23,  1893,  and  all  acts 
amendatory  thereof  and  supplemental  thereto  or  in  conflict  herewith. 

[Approved  June  16,  1913.     In  effect  August  10,  1913.] 

The  people  of  the  state  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  There  is  hereby  created  and  established  a  state  mining  bureau.  The 
chief  officer  of  such  bureau  shall  be  the  state  mineralogist,  which  office  is  hereby 
created. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  of  the  state  of  California  and  he  is 
hereby  empowered  to  appoint  a  citizen  and  resident  of  this  state,  having  a  practical 
and  scientific  knowledge  of  mining,  to  the  office  of  state  mineralogist.  Said  state 
mineralogist  shall  hold  his  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  governor.  He  shall  be  a  civil 
executive  officer.  He  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  same  oath  of  office  as  other 
state  officers.  He  shall  receive  for  his  services  a  salary  of  three  hundred  dollars 
($300)  per  month,  to  be  paid  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
salaries  of  other  state  officers.  He  shall  also  receive  his  necessary  traveling 
expenses  when  traveling  on  the  business  of  his  office.  He  shall  give  bond  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  his  duties  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  ($10,000), 
said  bond  to  be  approved  by  the  governor  of  the  state  of  California. 

Sec.  3.  Said  state  mineralogist  shall  employ  competent  geologists,  field  assistants, 
qualified  specialists  and  office  employees  when  necessary  in  the  execution  of  his 
plans  and  operations  of  the  bureau,  and  fix  their  compensation.  The  said  employees 
shall  be  allowed  their  necessary  traveling  expenses  when  traveling  on  the  business  of 
said  department  and  shall  hold  office  at  the  pleasure  of  said  state  mineralogist. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  state  mineralogist  to  make,  facilitate,  and 
encourage,  special  studies  of  the  mineral  resources  and  mineral  industries  of  the 
state.  It  shall  be  his  duty:  to  collect  statistics  concerning  the  occurrence  and  pro- 
duction of  the  economically  important  minerals  and  the  methods  pursued  in  making 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  121 

their  valuable  constituents  available  for  commercial  use ;  to  make  a  collection  of 
typical  geological  and  mineralogical  specimens,  especially  those  of  economic  and 
commercial  importance,  such  collection  constituting  the  museum  of  the  state  mining 
bureau  ;  to  provide  a  library  of  books,  reports,  drawings,  bearing  upon  the  mineral 
industries,  and  sciences  of  mineralogy  and  geology,  and  arts  of  mining  and  metallurgy, 
such  library  constituting  the  library  of  the  state  mining  bureau ;  to  make  a 
collection  of  models,  drawings  and  descriptions  of  the  mechanical  appliances  used 
in  mining  and  metallurgical  processes  ;  to  preserve  and  so  maintain  such  collections 
and  library  as  to  make  them  available  for  reference  and  examination,  and  open  to 
public  inspection  at  reasonable  hours ;  to  maintain,  in  effect,  a  bureau  of  information 
concerning  the  mineral  industries  of  this  state,  to  consist  of  such  collections  and 
library,  and  to  arrange,  classify,  catalogue,  and  index  the  data  therein  contained,  in 
a  manner  to  make  the  information  available  to  those  desiring  it ;  to  issue  from  time 
to  time  such  bulletins  as  he  may  deem  advisable  concerning  the  statistics  and  tech- 
nology of  the  mineral  industries  of  this  state. 

Sec.  5.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  owner,  lessor,  lessee,  agent,  manager 
or  other  person  in  charge  of  each  and  every  mine,  of  whatever  kind  or  character, 
within  the  state,  to  forward  to  the  state  mineralogist,  upon  his  request,  at  his  office 
not  later  than  the  thirtieth  day  of  June,  in  each  year,  a  detailed  report  upon  forms 
which  will  be  furnished  showing  the  character  of  the  mine,  the  number  of  men  then 
employed,  the  method  of  working  such  mine  and  the  general  condition  thereof,  the 
total  mineral  production  for  the  past  year,  and  such  owner,  lessor,  lessee,  agent, 
manager  or  other  person  in  charge  of  any  mine  within  the  state  must  furnish 
whatever  information  relative  to  such  mine  as  the  state  mineralogist  may  from 
time  to  time  require  for  the  proper  discharge  of  his  official  duties.  Any  owner, 
lessor,  lessee,  agent,  manager  or  other  person  in  charge  of  each  and  every  mine,  of 
whatever  kind  or  character  within  the  state,  who  fails  to  comply  with  the  above 
provisions  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  6.  The  state  mineralogist  now  performing  the  duties  of  the  office  of  state 
mineralogist  shall  perform  the  duties  of  the  office  of  state  mineralogist  as  in  this 
act  provided  until  the  appointment  and  qualification  of  his  successor  as  in  this  act 
provided. 

Sec.  7.  The  said  state  mineralogist  shall  take  possession,  charge  and  control  of 
the  offices  now  occupied  and  used  by  the  board  of  trustees  and  state  mineralogist 
and  the  museum,  library  and  laboratory  of  the  mining  bureau  located  in  San  Fran- 
cisco as  provided  for  by  a  certain  act  of  the  legislature  approved  March  2.3,  1803, 
and  hereafter  referred  to  in  section  fourteen  hereof,  and  shall  maintain  such  offices, 
muspiini.  library  and  laboratory  for  the  purposes  provided  in  this  act. 

Sec.  8.  Said  state  mineralogist  or  qualified  assistant  shall  have  full  power  and 
authority  at  any  time  to  enter  or  examine  any  and  all  mines,  quarries,  wells,  mills, 
reduction  works,  refining  works  and  other  mineral  properties  or  working  plants  in 
this  state  in  order  to  gather  data  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  9.  The  state  mineralogist  shall  make  a  biennial  report  to  the  governor  on 
or  before  the  fifteenth  day  of  September  next  preceding  the  regular  session  of  the 
legislature. 

Sec  10.  All  moneys  received  by  the  state  mining  bureau  or  any  officer  thereof 
(except  such  as  may  be  paid  to  them  by  the  state  for  disbursement)  shall  be 
receipted  for  by  the  state  mineralogist  or  other  officer  authorized  by  him  to  act  in 
his  place  and  at  least  once  a  month  accounted  for  by  him  to  the  state  controller  and 
paid  into  the  state  treasury  to  the  credit  of  a  fund  which  is  hereby  created  and 
designated  "state  mining  bureau  fund."  All  moneys  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
state  mining  bureau  or  any  officer  thereof  received  from  any  source  whatsoever, 
shall  be  immediately  paid  over  to  the  state  mineralogist  and  by  him  accounted  for 
to  the  controller  and  paid  into  the  state  treasury  to  the  credit  of  said  fund.  Said 
fund  shall  be  used  and  is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  use  of  said  bureau  in  carrying 
out  the  purposes  of  this  act. 

Sec.  11.  The  said  state  mineralogist  is  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to 
receive  on  behalf  of  this  state,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  state  mining  bureau, 


122  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

gifts,  bequests,  devices  and  legacies  of  real  or  other  property  and  to  use  the  same  in 
accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  donors,  and  if  no  instructions  are  given  by  said 
donors,  to  manage,  use,  and  dispose  of  the  gifts  and  bequests  and  legacies  for  the 
best  interests  of  said  state  mining  bureau  and  in  such  manner  as  he  may  deem  proper. 

Sec.  12.  The  state  mineralogist  may,  whenever  he  deems  it  advisable,  prepare  a 
special  collection  of  ores  and  minerals  of  California  to  be  sent  to  or  used  at  any 
world's  fair  or  exposition  in  order  to  display  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  state. 

Sec.  13.  The  state  mineralogist  is  hereby  empowered  to  fix  a  price  upon  and  to 
dispose  of  to  the  public,  at  such  price,  any  and  all  publications  of  the  state  mining 
bureau,  including  reports,  bulletins,  maps,  registers  or  other  publications,  such  price 
shall  approximate  the  cost  of  publication  and  distribution.  Any  and  all  sums 
derived  from  such  disposition,  or  from  gifts  or  bequests  made,  as  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided must  be  accounted  for  by  said  state  minei-alogist  and  turned  over  to  the 
state  treasurer  to  be  credited  to  the  mining  bureau  fund  as  provided  for  in  section 
ten.  He  is  also  empowered  to  furnish  without  cost  to  public  libraries  the  publications 
of  the  bui'eau,  and  to  exchange  publications  with  other  geological  surveys  and 
scientific  societies,  etc. 

Sec.  14.  The  state  mineralogist  provided  for  by  this  act  shall  be  the  successor 
in  interest  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,  and  the  state 
mineralogist,  under  and  by  virtue  of  that  certain  act,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide 
for  the  establishment,  maintenance,  and  support  of  a  bureau,  to  be  known  as  the 
state  mining  bureau,  and  for  the  appointment  and  duties  of  a  board  of  trustees,  to 
be  known  as  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,  who  shall  have  the 
direction,  management,  and  control  of  said  state  mining  bureau,  and  to  provide  for 
the  appointment,  duties,  and  compensation  of  a  state  mineralogist,  who  shall  perform 
the  duties  of  his  office  under  the  control,  direction  and  supervision  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,"  approved  March  23,  1893,  and  all  books, 
papers,  documents,  personal  property,  records,  and  property  of  every  kind  and 
description  obtained  or  possessed,  or  held  or  controlled  by  the  said  board  of  trustees 
of  the  said  state  mining  bureau,  and  the  state  mineralogist,  and  the  clerks  and 
employees  thereof,  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  of  March  23,  1893,  or  any  act 
supplemental  thereto  or  amendatory  thereof,  shall  immediately  be  turned  over  and 
delivered  to  the  said  state  mineralogist  herein  provided  for,  who  shall  have  charge 
and  control  thereof. 

Sec.  15.  That  certain  act  entitled  "xVn  act  to  provide  for  the  establishment, 
maintenance,  and  support  of  a  bureau,  to  be  known  as  the  state  mining  bureau,  and 
for  the  appointment  and  duties  of  a  board  of  trustees,  to  be  known  as  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  state  mining  bureau,  and  to  provide  for  the  appointment,  duties 
and  compensation  of  a  state  mineralogist,  who  shall  perform  the  duties  of  his  office 
under  the  control,  direction,  and  supervision  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  state 
mining  bureau,"  approved  March  23,  1893,  together  with  all  acts  amendatory 
thereof  and  supplemental  thereto  and  all  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby 
repealed. 


illNI^G    LAW    APPENDIX.  123 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PETROLEUM  AND  GAS. 

Chapter  718. 

An  act  establishing  and  creating  a  department  of  the  state  mining  bureau  for  the 
protection  of  the  natural  resources  of  petroleum  and  gas  from  waste  and  destruc- 
tion through  improper  operations  in  production;  providing  for  the  appointment  of 
a  state  oil  and  gas  supervisor:  prescribing  his  duties  and  powers;  fixing  his  com- 
pensation; providing  for  the  appointment  of  deputies  and  employees;  providing  for 
their  duties  and  compensation;  providing  for  the  inspection  of  petroleum  and  gas 
wells;  requiring  all  persons  operating  petroleum  and  gas  wells  to  make  certain 
reports;  providing  procedure  for  arbitration  of  departmental  rulings;  creating  a 
fund  for  the  purposes  of  the  act;  providing  for  assessment  of  charges  to  be  paid 
by  operators  and  providing  for  the  collection  thereof;  and  making  an  appropria- 
tion  for  the   purposes  of  this  act. 

[Approved  June  10,  1915.] 
The  people  of  the  state  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  A  separate  department  of  the  state  mining  bureau  is  hereby  estab- 
lished and  created  to  be  known  as  the  department  of  petroleum  and  gas.  Such 
department  shall  be  under  the  general  jurisdiction  of  the  state  mineralogist.  He 
shall  appoint  a  supervisor  who  shall  be  a  competent  engineer  or  geologist  experienced 
in  the  development  and  production  of  petroleum  and  who  shall  be  designated  the 
"state  oil  and  gas  supervisor,"  and  whose  term  of  oflBce  shall  be  four  years  from 
and  after  the  date  of  his  appointment. 

Sec.  2.  For  his  services  in  the  general  supervision  of  said  department  the  state 
mineralogist  shall  receive  as  compensation  one  thousand  four  hundred  dollars 
annually  which  shall  be  in  addition  to  his  compensation  fixed  in  section  two  of  the 
act  of  June  IG,  1913,  relating  to  the  state  mining  bureau.  The  supervisor  shall 
receive  an  annual  salary  of  four  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  and  shall  be  allowed 
his  necessary  traveling  expenses.  The  state  mineralogist  may  appoint  necessary 
clerks,  stenographers,  and  assistants,  and  prescribe  their  duties  and  fix  their  com- 
pensation, within  the  amount  limited  in  section  forty-six  hereof  and  subject  to  the 
civil  service  laws  of  the  state. 

The  additional  salary  herein  authorized  to  be  paid  to  the  state  mineralogist  and 
the  salaries  of  the  supervisor  and  of  the  deputies,  clerks,  stenographers,  assistants 
and  other  employees  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  funds  hereinafter  provided  for  at  the 
time  and  in  the  manner  that  salaries  of  other  state  officers  and  employees  are  paid. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  state  oil  and  gas  supervisor  so  to  supervise  the 
drilling,  operation  and  maintenance  and  abandonment  of  petroleum  or  gas  wells  in 
the  state  of  California,  as  to  prevent,  as  far  as  possible,  damage  to  underground 
petroleum  and  gas  deposits  from  infiltrating  water  and  other  causes  and  loss  of 
petroleum  and  natural  gas. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  state  oil  and  gas  supervisor  to  appoint  not 
more  than  four  deputies  and  prescribe  their  duties,  and  fix  their  compensation. 
Such  deputies  shall  serve  during  the  pleasure  of  the  supervisor.  He  may  also 
employ  an  attorney  and  fix  his  compensation.  The  supervisor,  the  deputies,  and 
the  attorney  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  civil  service  act. 

Sec.  5.  Each  deputy  appointed  by  the  supervisor  shall  be  a  competent  engineer 
01  geologist  experienced  in  the  development  and  production  of  petroleum.  Each 
deputy  shall  be  assigned  certain  districts  or  territory,  and  shall  maintain  an  oflSce 
in  the  district,  convenient  of  access  to  the  petroleum  or  gas  operators  therein.  The 
office  shall  be  open  and  the  deputy  shall  be  present  at  certain  specified  times  which 
shall  be  posted  at  such  office. 

Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  deputy,  to  collect  all  necessary  information 
regarding  the  oil  wells  in  the  district,  with  a  view  to  determining  the  presence  and 
source  of  water  in  the  oil  sand,  and  to  make  all  maps  and  other  accessories  necessary 
to  determine  the  presence  and  source  of  water  in  the  oil  sands.     This  work  shall  be 


124  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

done  with  the  view  to  advising  the  operators  as  to  the  best  means  of  protecting  the 
oil  and  gas  sands,  and  with  a  view  to  aiding  the  supervisor  in  ordering  tests  or 
repair  work  at  wells.  All  such  data  shall  be  kept  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  deputy 
oil  and  gas  supervisor  of  the  respective  district. 

Sec.  7.  The  records  of  any  and  all  operators,  when  filed  with  the  deputy  super- 
visor .is  hereinafter  provided,  shall  be  open  to  inspection  to  those  authorized  in 
writing  by  such  operators,  to  the  state  officers,  and  to  the  board  of  arbitration  here- 
inafter provided  for.  Such  records  shall  in  no  case  be  available  as  evidence  in 
court  proceedings  and  no  officer  or  employee  or  member  of  any  board  of  arbitration 
shall  be  allowed  to  give  testimony  as  to  the  contents  of  said  records,  except  at  such 
court  proceedings  as  are  hereinafter  provided  for  in  the  review  of  the  decision  of  the 
state  oil  and  gas  supervisor,  or  a  board  of  arbitration,  and  in  criminal  proceedings 
arising  out  of  such  records,  or  the  statements  upon  which  they  are  based. 

Sec.  S.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  supervisor  to  order  such  tests  or  remedial 
work  as  is  in  his  judgment  necessary  to  protect  the  petroleum  and  gas  deposits  from 
damage  by  underground  water,  to  the  best  interest  of  the  neighboring  property 
owners  and  the  public  at  large.  The  order  shall  be  in  written  form,  signed  by  the 
supervisor,  and  served  upon  the  owner  of  the  well  or  his  local  agent,  in  the  manner 
provided  in  section  eleven  hereof.  The  order  shall  specify  the  work  necessary  to 
protect  such  deposits  from  damage  from  underground  waters.  For  this  purpose 
each  operator  or  owner  shall  designate  an  agent,  giving  his  post-office  address,  who 
resides  within  the  county  where  the  well  or  wells  are  located,  upon  whom  all 
orders  and  notices  provided  for  in  this  act  may  be  served. 

Sec.  9.  The  well  owner,  or  his  local  agent,  may  within  ten  days  from  date  of 
service  of  order  from  the  supervisor,  file  with  the  supervisor,  or  his  deputy  in  the 
district  where  the  property  is  located,  a  statement  that  the  supervisor's  order  is  not 
acceptable  and  that  arbitration  of  the  subject  is  demanded. 

Sec.  10.  Arbitration  of  a  question  which  has  been  the  subject  of  an  order  by 
the  supervisor  shall  be  accomplished  by  a  board  of  three  members,  as  follows:  (1) 
The  owner  of  the  well  or  his  local  agent  shall  name  one  member  who  shall  not  be 
directly  or  indirectly  interested  in  the  property,  nor  employed  in  its  operation. 
(2)  The  owners,  or  their  local  agents,  of  wells  within  a  radius  of  one  mile  from  the 
affected  well,  shall  name  one  member  of  the  arbitration  board,  who  shall  not  be 
directly  or  indirectly  interested  in  the  property  nor  employed  in  its  oi^eration.  For 
this  purpose  the  supervisor  shall  give  written  notice  to  each  of  the  said  owners  or 
agents.  The  notice  shall  specify  the  time  and  place  of  meeting  and  the  fact  that 
it  is  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  an  arbitrator.  The  notice  shall  be  published  once 
in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation,  published  in  the  county  where  the  meeting  is 
to  be  held,  and  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place  at  the  office  of  the  deputy  supervisor 
at  least  five  days  before  the  time  of  meeting,  and  a  copy  thereof  mailed  to  each  of 
such  owners,  or  their  local  agents,  at  the  address  given,  at  least  five  days  before  the 
time  of  meeting.  A  majority  of  those  attending  such  meeting  shall  be  sufficient  to 
choose  such  arbitrator.  (3)  The  third  member  of  the  arbitration  board  shall  be 
chosen  by  the  other  members,  but  if  they  fail  to  choose  a  third  member  within  ten 
days  after  the  selection  of  the  first  two  members  then  such  third  member  shall  be 
chosen  by  the  state  mineralogist,  and  shall  not  be  directly  or  indirectly  interested  in 
the  property,  nor  employed  in  its  operation.  The  arbitrators  chosen  as  above 
specified  shall  each  be  paid  ten  dollars  per  day  for  each  day  of  actual  service,  not 
to  exceed  thirty  dollars  each  for  any  one  case,  upon  warrants  drawn  upon  the  repair 
fund  hereinafter  created,  and  approved  by  the  state  mineralogist.  One-half  of  the 
cost  of  arbitration  shall  be  paid  by  the  person  demanding  it  and  the  board  of 
arbitration  may,  at  its  discretion,  order  that  the  entire  cost  of  such  arbitration 
shall  be  paid  by  such  person  if  it  finds  that  such  arbitration  has  been  demanded 
needlessly  or  not  in  good  faith. 

Sec.  11.  Upon  receipt  by  the  supervisor  or  deputy  supervisor  of  a  written  com- 
plaint, signed  by  one-third  of  the  individuals  or  corporations  owning  land  or  operat- 
ing wells  within  a  radius  of  one  mile  of  any  well,  or  group  of  wells,  the  supervisor 
must  make  an  investigation  of  said  well  or  wells  and  render  a  written  order  stating 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  125 

tlie  work  required  to  repair  the  damage  complained  of,  or  stating  that  no  work  is 
required.  A  copy  of  such  order  must  be  delivered  to  each  of  the  complainants  and, 
if  the  supervisor  order  the  damage  repaired,  a  copy  of  such  order  shall  be  delivered 
to  each  of  the  owners,  or  agents,  having  in  charge  the  wells  upon  which  the  work  is 
to  be  done.  Service  of  such  copies  shall  be  by  mailing  to  such  persons  at  the  post 
office  address  given.  Within  ten  days  after  the  date  of  mailing  of  such  order  any 
of  such  complainants  may  demand  arbitration  of  the  matter  as  provided  in  section  ten 
of  this  act.  When  said  complaint  is  made  by  a  single  party  against  a  well  or  wells, 
of  which  there  is  no  financially  responsible  owner,  the  supervisor  may  order  the 
necessary  repair  work,  the  expense  of  which  shall  be  a  charge  against  the  com- 
plainant collectible  as  provided  in  section  fourteen. 

Sec.  12.  In  any  proceedings  before  the  board  of  arbitration  herein  provided  for, 
the  supervisor  shall  have  the  power  to  subpojna  witnesses  and  to  administer  oaths ; 
provided,  however,  that  no  person  shall  be  required  to  attend  upon  such  subpoenas, 
either  with  or  without  books,  papers,  documents  or  accounts,  unless  residing  within 
the  same  county  or  within  thirty  miles  of  the  place  of  attendance,  but  the  supervisor 
may  in  such  a  case  cause  the  deposition  of  witnesses  residing  within  or  without  the 
state,  to  be  taken  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law  for  like  depositions  in  civil 
actions  in  the  superior  courts  of  this  state,  and  to  that  end  may  compel  the  attend- 
ance of  witnesses  and  the  production  of  books,  papers,  and  documents  at  such  places 
as  he  may  designate  within  the  limits  hereinbefore  prescribed.  Witnesses  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  the  fees  and  mileage  fixed  by  law  in  civil  cases.  In  case  of  failure 
on  the  part  of  any  person  to  comply  with  any  order  of  the  supervisor,  or  any  sub- 
poena, or  upon  the  refusal  of  any  witness  to  testify  to  any  matter  regarding  which 
he  may  lawfully  be  interrogated  before  the  board,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  superior 
court  or  the  judge  thereof,  on  application  of  the  supervisor,  to  compel  obedience  in 
the  same  manner,  by  contempt  proceedings  or  otherwise,  that  such  obedience  would 
be  compelled  in  a  proceeding  pending  before  the  court. 

Sec.  13.  Within  ten  days  after  hearing  the  evidence  the  arbitration  board  shall 
make  a  written  decision  ordering  such  tests  or  remedial  work  as  is  deemed  necessary 
to  protect  the  oil  sands  from  damage  by  infiltrating  water.  This  written  decision 
shall  be  served  upon  the  owner  or  his  agent  and  shall  supersede  and  nullify  the 
previous  order  of  the  supervisor  provided  for  in  section  eight  hereof.  In  case  no 
written  decision  is  made  by  a  board  of  arbitration  within  thirty  days  after  the 
date  of  notice  by  the  supervisor,  as  provided  in  section  ten  hereof,  the  order  of  the 
supervisor  shall  be  effective  and  subject  only  to  review  by  writ  of  certiorari  from 
the  superior  court  as  provided  in  section  fourteen  hereof. 

Sec.  14.  On  or  before  thirty  daj-s  after  the  date  of  serving  an  order  of  the  super- 
visor provided  for  in  section  eight  hereof,  or,  in  case  of  arbitration,  on  or  before 
thirty  days  after  date  of  serving  the  decision  of  the  board,  as  provided  in  sections 
twelve  and  thirteen  hereof,  the  owner  shall  commence  in  good  faith  the  work  ordered, 
and  continue  until  completion.  If  the  work  has  not  been  so  commenced  and  con- 
tinued to  completion  the  supervisor  shall  appoint  agents  as  he  deems  necessary,  who 
shall  enter  the  premises  and  perform  the  work.  Accurate  account  of  all  such 
expenditures  shall  be  kept  and  the  amount  paid  from  the  fund  hereinafter  created 
upon  the  warrant  of  the  state  controller.  Any  amounts  so  expended  shall  constitute 
a  lien  against  the  property  upon  which  the  work  is  done.  The  decision  of  the  board 
of  arbitration  or  of  the  supervisor  in  such  a  case  may  be  reviewed  by  writ  of 
certiorari  from  the  superior  court  of  the  county  in  which  the  district  is  situated,  if 
taken  within  thirty  days  after  the  signing  of  the  order.  If  no  review  is  taken  or, 
if  taken,  the  decision  of  the  board  is  affirmed,  the  lien  upon  the  property  shall  be 
enforced  in  the  same  manner  that  other  liens  on  real  property  are  enforced  and 
shall  first  be  enforced  against  the  owner  of  the  well,  against  the  operator  and  against 
the  personal  property  and  fixtures  used  in  the  construction  or  operation  thereof,  and 
then  if  there  then  be  any  deficiency,  against  the  land  upon  which  the  work  is  done. 
Sec.  15.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  of  any  well  now  drilled,  or  that  may 
be  drilled,  in  the  state  of  California,  on  lands  producing  or  reasonably  presumed  to 


126  MINERAL    INDUSTRY   OP    CAUFORNIA. 

contain  petroleum  or  gas,  to  properly  case  such  well  or  wells,  with  metal  casing,  in 
accordance  with  methods  approved  by  the  supervisor,  and  to  use  every  effort  and 
endeavor  in  accordance  with  the  most  approved  methods  to  effectually  shut  off  all 
water  overlying  or  underlying  the  oil  or  gas-bearing  strata,  and  to  effectually  prevent 
any  water  from  penetrating  such  oil  or  gas-bearing  strata. 

Sec.  16.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  of  any  well  referred  to  in  this  act, 
before  abandoning  the  same,  to  use  every  effort  and  endeavor  in  accordance  with 
methods  approved  by  the  supervisor,  to  shut  off  and  exclude  all  water  from  entering 
oil-bearing  strata  encountered  in  the  well.  The  owner  shall  give  written  notice  to 
the  supervisor,  or  his  local  deputy,  of  his  intention  to  abandon  any  well  and  the 
date  when  such  work  of  abandonment  shall  begin.  The  notice  shall  be  given  to  the 
supervisor,  or  his  local  deputy,  at  least  fifteen  days  before  such  proposed  abandon- 
ment. The  owner  shall  furnish  the  supervisor,  or  his  deputy,  with  such  information 
as  he  may  request,  showing  the  condition  of  the  well  and  proposed  method  of 
abandonment.  The  supervisor,  or  his  deputy,  shall  before  the  proposed  date  of 
abandonment  furnish  the  owner  with  a  written  order  of  approval  of  his  proposal 
or  a  written  order  stating  what  work  will  be  necessary  before  approval,  to  abandon, 
will  be  given.  If  the  supervisor  shall  fail  within  the  specified  time  to  give  tht 
owner  a  written  order  such  failure  shall  be  considered  as  an  approval  of  the  owner's 
proposal  to  abandon  the  well. 

Sec.  17.  The  owner  of  any  well  referred  to  in  this  act  shall,  before  commencing 
the  work  of  drilling  an  oil  or  gas  well,  file  with  the  supervisor,  or  his  local  deputy, 
a  written  notice  of  intention  to  commence  drilling.  Such  notice  shall  also  contain 
the  following  information:  (1)  Statement  of  location  and  elevation  above  sea  level 
of  proposed  derrick  and  drill  rig.  (2)  The  number  or  other  designation  by  which 
such  well  shall  be  known,  which  number  or  designation  shall  not  be  changed  after 
filing  notice  provided  for  in  this  section,  without  the  written  consent  of  the  super- 
visor being  obtained  therefor.  (3)  The  owner's  estimate  of  the  depth  of  the  point 
at  which  water  shall  be  shut  off.  (4)  The  owner's  estimate  of  the  depth  at  which 
oil  or  gas  producing  sand  or  formation  shall  be  encountered.  The  provisions  of  this 
section  shall  also  apply,  so  far  as  may  be,  to  the  deepening  or  redrilling  of  any  well. 

Sec.  is.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  of  any  well  referred  to  in  this  act,  to 
keep  a  careful  and  accurate  log  of  the  drilling  of  such  well,  such  log  to  show  the 
character  and  depth  of  the  formations  passed  through  or  encountered  in  the  drilling 
of  such  well,  and  particularly  to  show  the  location  and  depth  of  the  water-bearing 
strata,  together  with  the  character  of  the  water  encountered  from  time  to  time 
(so  far  as  ascertained)  and  to  show  at  what  point  such  water  was  shut  off,  if  at 
all,  and  if  not,  to  so  state  in  such  log,  and  show  completely  the  amounts,  kinds  and 
size  of  casing  used,  and  show  the  depth  at  which  oil-bearing  strata  is  encountered, 
the  depth  and  character  of  same,  and  whether  all  water  overlying  and  underlying 
such  oil-bearing  strata  was  successfully  and  permanently  shut  off  so  as  to  prevent 
the  percolation  or  penetration  into  such  oil-bearing  strata  ;  such  log  shall  be  kept  in 
the  local  office  of  the  owner  or  operator  and  subject  to  the  inspection  of  the  super- 
visor or  any  of  his  deputies  at  any  time  during  business  hours,  and  a  copy  of  said 
log  shall  be  filed  with  the  deputy  supervisor  immediately  upon  the  completion  of  said 
well  and  also  a  complete  copy  shall  be  filed  with  the  deputy  supervisor  upon  the 
completion  of  any  additional  work  upon  the  well.  The  owner  of  any  well  drilled 
previous  to  the  enactment  of  this  act  shall  furnish  to  the  supervisor  a  complete  and 
correct  log  of  such  well,  so  far  as  may  be  possible,  together  with  a  statement  of  the 
present  condition  of  said  well. 

Sec.  19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  of  any  well  referred  to  in  this  act  to 
notify  the  deputy  supervisor  of  the  time  at  which  the  owner  shall  test  the  shut-off 
of  water  in  any  such  well.  Such  notice  shall  be  given  at  least  five  days  before  such 
test.  The  deputy  supervisor  shall  be  present  at  such  test  and  shall  himself  note  in 
the  log  book  the  result  thereof.  If  any  test  shall  be  unsatisfactory  to  him  he  shall 
notify  the  owner  of  that  fact. 

Sec.  20.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  association  or  corporation,  pro- 
ducing oil  in  the  state  of  California,  to  file  with  the  supervisor  at  his  request,  but 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  127 

not  oftener  than  once  in  each  month  a  sworn  statement  of  the  amount  of  oil  pro- 
duced, during  the  period  indicated,  its  gravity  and  the  number  of  wells  drilling, 
producing,  idle,  or  abandoned.  This  Information  shall  be  in  such  form  as  the  super- 
visor may  designate. 

Sec.  21.  Any  owner  or  operator  of  a  well  referred  to  in  this  act,  or  employee 
thereof,  who  refuses  to  permit  the  supervisor,  or  his  deputy,  to  inspect  the  same,  or 
who  wilfully  hinders  or  delaj-s  the  enforcement  of  this  act,  and  every  person,  firm, 
or  corporation,  who  violates  any  provision  of  this  act,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor 
and  shall  be  punishable  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  not  less  than  thirty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine 
and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  22.  Charges  levied,  assessed  and  collected  as  hereinafter  provided  upon  the 
properties  of  every  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  operating  any  oil  well 
or  wells  for  the  production  of  petroleum  in  this  state,  or  operating  any  well  or  wells 
for  the  production  of  natural  gas  in  this  state  which  gas  wells  are  situate  in 
counties  having  producing  petroleum  wells  chargeable  under  this  act,  and  on  lands 
situate  within  two  miles,  as  near  as  may  be,  of  any  petroleum  or  gas  well  the  pro- 
duction of  which  is  chargeable  under  this  act,  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  the 
support  and  maintenance  of  the  department  of  petroleum  and  gas  hereinbefore 
created,  and  shall  be  assessed  and  levied  by  the  state  mineralogist,  and  collected  in 
the  manner  hereinafter  provided. 

Sec.  23.  Every  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  operating  any  petroleum 
well  or  wells  in  this  state  shall  annually  pay  a  charge  to  the  state  treasurer  at  a 
uniform  rate  per  barrel  of  petroleum  produced  for  the  preceding  calendar  year  at 
the  time  and  in  the  manner  hereinafter  provided,  based  upon  a  verified  report  as 
herein  provided. 

Sec.  24.  Every  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  operating  any  gas  well  or 
wells  in  this  state  shall  annually  pay  a  charge  to  the  state  treasurer  based  upon  the 
amount  of  gas  sold  in  the  preceding  calendar  year  at  a  fixed  rate  per  thousand 
cubic  feet,  which  rate  shall  be  based  upon  the  proportionate  benefits  resulting  to 
the  property  so  assessed  by  reason  of  the  expenditures  made  under  this  act,  in  the 
county,  in  which  each  such  well  is  located.  Said  charge  shall  be  based  upon  a 
verified  report  as  herein  provided ;  provided,  further,  that  no  charges  shall  be 
assessed,  levied,  or  collected  from  any  person,  firm,  corporation,  or  association 
operating  a  gas  well  or  wells  in  any  county  in  which  there  exist  no  producing 
petroleum  wells  to  be  assessed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2.J.  Every  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  owning  any  oil  land,  as 
determined  by  the  supervisor,  shall  annually  pay  a  charge  to  the  state  treasurer  at 
the  time  and  in  the  manner  hereinafter  provided,  which  charge  shall  be  a  uniform 
rate  per  acre.  Said  charge  shall  be  based  upon  a  verified  report  as  provided  herein  ; 
provided,  however,  that  such  lands  so  assessed  shall  not  be  called  upon  to  pay  more 
than  one-tenth  of  the  total  charges  or  moneys  proposed  to  be  assessed,  levied  and 
collected  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  for  any  one  year. 

Sec.  26.  The  charges  assessed,  levied  and  to  be  collected  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  in  addition  to  any  and  all  charges,  taxes,  assessments  or  licenses  of 
any  kind  or  nature  paid  by  or  upon  the  properties  assessed  hereunder. 

Sec.  27.  The  state  mineralogist  shall  annually,  on  or  before  the  first  Monday 
in  March,  acting  in  conjunction  with  the  state  board  of  control,  make  an  estimate 
of  the  amount  of  moneys  which  shall  be  required  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  28.  The  state  mineralogist  shall  prescribe  the  form  and  contents  of  all 
reports  for  making  the  charge  or  other  purposes  to  carry  out  the  intent  and  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  which  form  shall  be  mailed  in  duplicate  to  the  person,  firm, 
corporation  or  association  owning  property  or  assessed  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  29.  Every  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  chargeable  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  shall  within  ten  days  after  the  first  Monday  in  March  of 
each  year,  report  to  and  file  with  the  state  mineralogist,  a  report  in  such  form  as 


12S  MINEEtAIi  IKDUSTKT   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

said  officer  may  prescribe,  giving  any  and  all  items  of  information  as  may  be 
demanded  by  said  report,  and  necessary  to  carry  out  the  prorisions  of  this  act,  which 
report  shall  be  verified  by  such  person  or  officer  as  the  state  mineralogist  may 
designate. 

Sec.  30.  If  any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  chargeable  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  furnish  the  state  mineralogist  within 
the  time  prescribed  in  this  act  the  verified  report  provided  for  in  this  act,  the  state 
mineralogist  must  note  such  failure  or  refusal  in  the  record  of  assessments  herein- 
after in  this  act  provided  for.  and  must  make  an  estimate  of  the  petroleum  or  gas 
production,  or  landed  area  to  be  assessed  of  any  such  person,  firm,  corporation  or 
association  and  must  assess  the  same  at  the  amount  thus  estimated  and  compute 
the  chai^  thereon,  which  assessment  and  charge  shall  be  the  assessment  and  charge 
for  such  year.  And  if  in  the  succeeding  year  any  such  person,  firm,  corporation  or 
association  shall  again  fail  and  refuse  to  furnish  the  verified  report  required  by  this 
act,  the  state  mineralc^st  shall  make  an  estimate  as  aforesaid,  which  estimate  shall 
not  be  less  than  twice  the  amotint  of  the  estimate  made  by  him  for  the  previous  year, 
and  shall  note  such  failure  or  refusal  as  above  provided,  and  the  said  estimate  so 
made  shall  be  the  assessment  or  charge  for  said  year.  In  case  of  each  succeeding 
consecutive  failure  or  refusal  the  said  state  mineralogist  shall  follow  the  same 
procedure  until  a  true  statement  or  rejwrt  shall  be  furnished. 

Sec.  31.  Any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  failing  or  refusing  to  make 
and  furnish  any  reiMjit  prescribed  in  this  act  or  rendering  a  false  or  fraudulent 
report  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  subject  to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  three 
hundred  dollars  and  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars  for  each  such  offense. 

Sec.  32.  The  state  mineralogist  may,  for  good  cause  shown,  by  order  entered 
upon  his  minutes,  extend  for  not  exceeding  thirty  days,  the  time  fixed  in  this  act 
for  filing  any  report  herein  provided  for. 

Sec.  33.  On  or  before  the  third  Monday  before  the  first  Monday  in  July  the 
state  mineralogist  shall  determine  the  rale  or  rates  which,  when  applied  to  the 
assessments  provided  for  in  this  act,  shall  produce  the  sum  necessary  to  be  raised  as 
provided  in  section  twenty-seven  of  this  act.  Within  the  same  time  the  said  state 
mineralogist  shall  extend  in  the  proper  column  of  the  record  of  assessments  herein- 
after provided  for  the  amount  of  diaiges  due  from  each  person,  firm,  corporation 
or  association. 

Sec.  S4.  Between  the  first  Monday  in  March  and  the  third  Monday  before  the 
first  Monday  in  July  in  each  year,  the  state  mineralogist  must  assess  and  levy  the 
diai^es  as  and  in  the  manner  provided  for  in  this  act.  The  assessments  must  be 
made  to  the  i)erson.  firm,  corporation  or  association  owning  or  operating  the  property 
subject  to  assessment  hereunder  on  the  first  Monday  in  March.  If  the  name  of  the 
owner  is  unknown  to  the  state  mineralogist,  such  assessment  must  be  made  to 
unknown  owners.  Clerical  errors  occurring  or  appearing  in  the  name  of  any  person, 
firm,  corporation  or  association  whose  proi)erty  is  properly  assessed  and  charged,  or 
in  the  making,  or  extension  of  any  assessment  or  charge  upon  the  records,  which  do 
not  affect  the  substantial  rights  of  the  payer,  shall  not  invalidate  the  assessment 
or  diaige. 

Sec  35.  The  state  mineralogist  and  the  chairman  of  the  state  board  of  control 
and  the  chairman  of  the  state  board  of  equalization  shall  constitute  a  board  of 
review,  correction  and  equalization,  and  shall  have  all  the  powers  and  perform  such 
duties  as  usoally  devolve  upon  a  county  board  of  equalization  under  the  provisions 
of  section  three  thousand  six  hundred  seventy-two  of  the  Political  Code.  The  state 
mineral<^st  shall  act  as  secretary  of  said  board,  and  shall  keep  an  accurate  minute 
of  the  proceedings  thereof.  Said  board  of  review,  correction  and  equalization  shall 
meet  at  the  state  capitol  on  the  third  Monday  before  the  first  Monday  in  July  of 
each  year,  and  remain  in  session  from  day  to  day  until  the  first  Monday  in  July  for 
the  purpose  of  canying  out  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

Sec.  36.  On  the  third  Monday  before  the  first  Monday  in  July  of  eadi  year  the 
state  mineralogist  shall  'ause  to  be  published  a  notice,  one  or  more  times,  in  a  daily, 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  129 

or  weekly,  or  semi-weekly  newspaper  of  general  circulation  published  in  the  counties 
of  Fresno,  Kern,  Los  Angeles,  Orange,  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara,  if  one  be 
published  therein,  otherwise  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  published  in  the 
county  nearest  to  such  county  designated  herein  in  which  no  such  paper  is  pub- 
lished, that  the  assessment  of  property  and  levy  of  charges  under  and  in  pursuance 
of  this  act  has  been .  completed  and  that  the  records  of  assessments  containing  the 
charges  due  will  be  delivered  to  the  state  controller  on  the  first  Monday  in  July, 
and  that  if  any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  is  dissatisfied  with  the 
assessment  made  or  charge  fiied  by  the  state  mineralogist,  he  or  it  may,  at  any 
time  before  said  first  Monday  in  July,  apply  to  said  board  of  review,  correction  and 
equalization  to  have  the  same  corrected  in  any  particular.  The  said  board  shall 
have  power  at  any  time  before  said  first  Monday  in  July  to  correct  the  record  of 
assessments  and  may  increase  or  decrease  any  assessment  or  charge  therein  if  in 
its  judgment  the  evidence  presented  or  obtained  warrants  such  action.  Costs  of  such 
publication  in  any  county  shall  be  paid  from  the  repair  fund  of  said  county. 

Sec.  37.  The  state  mineralogist  must  prepare  each  year  a  book,  in  one  or  more 
volumes,  to  be  called  the  "Record  of  Assessments  and  Charges  for  Oil  Protection," 
in  which  must  be  entered,  either  in  writing  or  printing,  or  both  writing  and  printing, 
each  assessment  and  levy  or  charge  made  by  him  upon  the  property  provided  to  be 
assessed  and  charged  under  this  act,  describing  the  property  assessed,  and  such 
assessments  may  be  classified  and  entered  in  such  separate  parts  of  said  record  as 
said  state  mineralogist  shall  prescribe. 

Sec.  3S.  On  the  first  Monday  in  July  the  state  mineralogist  must  deliver  to  the 
state  controller  the  record  of  assessments  and  charges  for  oil  protection,  certified  to 
by    said    state    mineralogist,    which    certificate    shall    be    substantially    as    follows : 

"I, ,  state  mineralogist,  do  hereby  certify  that  between  the  first 

Monday  in  March  and  the  first  Monday  in  July,  19 ,  I  made  diligent  inquiry  and 

examination  to  ascertain  all  property  and  persons,  firms,  corporations  and  associa- 
tions subject  to  assessment  for  the  purpose  of  oil  protection  as  required  by   the 

provisions  of  the  act  of  legislature  approved 19 ,  providing  for 

the  assessment  and  collection  of  charges  for  oil  protection ;  that  I  have  faithfully 
complied  with  all  the  duties  imposed  upon  me  by  law ;  that  I  have  not  imposed  any 
unjust  or  double  assessment  through  malice  or  ill  will,  or  otherwise ;  nor  allowed 
any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association,  or  property  to  escape  a  just  assessment 
or  charge  through  favor  or  regard,  or  otherwise." 

But  the  failure  to  subscribe  such  certificate  to  such  record  of  assessments  and 
charges  for  oil  protection,  or  any  certificate,  shall  not  in  any  manner  affect  the 
validity  of  any  assessment  or  charge. 

It  is  the  intention  of  this  act  that  in  the  assessment  of  the  lands  as  provided  in 
section  twenty-five  hereof,  and  in  carrying  such  assessments  to  the  record  of  assess- 
ments aforesaid,  the  state  mineralogist  shall  keep  within  two  miles  as  near  as  may 
be  of  producing  petroleum  or  gas  wells  as  provided  in  said  section  twenty-five  hereof. 

Sec.  39.  The  charges  levied  and  assessed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
be  due  and  payable  on  the  first  Monday  in  July  in  each  year,  and  one-half  thereof 
shall  be  delinquent  on  the  sixth  Monday  after  the  first  Monday  in  July  at  six  o'clock 
p.m.  and  unless  paid  prior  thereto,  fifteen  per  cent  shall  be  added  to  the  amount 
thereof,  and  unless  paid  prior  to  the  first  Monday  in  February  next  thereafter  at 
six  o'clock  p.m..  an  additional  five  per  cent  shall  be  added  to  the  amount  thereof, 
and  the  unpaid  portion,  or  the  remaining  one-half  of  said  charges  shall  become 
delinquent  on  the  first  Monday  in  February  next  succeeding  the  day  upon  which 
they  become  due  and  payable,  at  six  p.m. ;  and  if  not  paid  prior  thereto  five  per  cent 
shall  be  added  to  the  amount  thereof. 

Sec.  40.  Within  ten  days  after  the  receipt  of  the  record  of  assessments  and 
charges  for  oil  protection,  the  state  controller  must  begin  the  publication  of  a  notice 
to  appear  daily  for  five  days,  in  one  daily  newspaper  of  general  circulation  published 
in  each  of  the  counties  of  Fresno,  Kern.  Los  Angeles,  Orange,  Ventura  and  Santa 
Barbara,  if  one  be  published  therein,  otherwise  for  at  least  two  times  in  a  weekly 

9—25437 


130  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

or  semi-weekly  paper  of  general  circulation  published  therein,  or  if  there  be  neither 
a  daily,  nor  weekly  nor  semi-weekly  paper  of  general  circulation  published  in  any 
one  of  such  counties,  then  the  publication  of  the  notice  for  such  county  shall  be 
made  in  a  similar  manner  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circuJation  published  in  the 
county  nearest  such  county,  specifying: 

(1)  That  he  has  received  from  the  state  mineralogist  the  record  of  assessments 
and  charges  for  oil  protection. 

(2)  That  the  charges  therein  assessed  and  levied  are  due  and  payable  on  the 
first  Monday  in  July  and  that  one-half  thereof  will  be  delinquent  on  the  sixth 
Monday  after  the  first  Monday  in  July  at  six  o'clock  p.m.,  and  that  unless  paid  to 
the  state  treasurer  at  the  capitol  prior  thereto,  fifteen  per  cent  will  be  added  to  the 
amount  thereof,  and  unless  paid  prior  to  the  first  Monday  in  February  next  there- 
after at  six  o'clock  p.m.,  an  additional  five  per  cent  will  be  added  to  the  amount 
thereof ;  and  that  the  remaining  one-half  of  said  charges  will  become  delinquent  on 
the  first  Monday  in  February  next  succeeding  the  day  upon  which  they  become  due 
and  payable,  at  six  o'clock  p.m. ;  and  if  not  paid  to  the  state  treasurer  at  the  capitol 
prior  thereto,  five  per  cent  will  be  added  to  the  amount  thereof.  Costs  of  such 
publication  in  any  county  shall  be  paid  from  the  repair  fund  of  said  county. 

Sec.  41.  The  assessments  and  charges  levied  under  the  provisions  of  this  act 
shall  constitute  a  lien  upon  all  the  property  of  every  kind  and  nature  belonging  to 
the  persons,  firms,  corporations,  and  associations  and  assessed  under  the  provisions 
hereof,  which  lien  shall  attach  on  the  first  Monday  in  March  of  each  year.  Every 
charge  and  assessment  herein  provided  for  has  the  effect  of  a  judgment  against  the 
person,  firm,  corporation  or  association,  and  every  lien  created  by  this  act  has  the 
effect  of  an  execution  duly  levied  against  all  property  of  the  delinquent ;  the  judg- 
ment is  not  satisfied  nor  the  lien  removed  until  such  charges,  penalties,  and  costs 
are  paid,  or  the  property  sold  for  the  payment  thereof. 

Sec.  42.  All  charges  assessed  and  levied  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
be  paid  to  the  state  treasurer  upon  the  order  of  the  state  controller.  The  controller 
must  mark  the  date  of  payment  of  any  charge  on  the  record  of  assessments  and 
charges  for  oil  protection,  and  shall  give  a  receipt  for  such  payment  in  such  form 
as  the  controller  shall  prescribe.  Errors  appearing  in  any  assessment  on  said  record 
of  assessments  or  overcharges  shall  be  corrected  by  the  controller  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  state  board  of  control  in  such  manner  as  said  controller  and  said 
board  shall  agree  upon. 

Sec.  43.  Any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  claiming  and  protesting 
as  herein  provided  that  the  assessment  made  or  charges  assessed  against  him  or  it 
by  the  state  mineralogist  is  void,  in  whole  or  in  part,  may  bring  an  action  against 
the  state  treasurer  for  the  recovery  of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  such  charge, 
penalties,  or  costs  paid  on  such  assessment  upon  the  grounds  stated  in  said  protest, 
but  no  action  may  be  brought  later  than  the  third  Monday  in  February  next  follow- 
ing the  day  on  which  the  charges  were  due,  nor  unless  such  person,  firm,  corporation 
or  association  shall  have  filed  with  the  state  controller  at  the  time  of  payment  of 
such  charges  a  written  protest  stating  whether  the  whole  assessment  or  charge  is 
claimed  to  be  void,  or  if  a  part  only,  what  part,  and  the  grounds  upon  which  such 
claim  is  founded ;  and  when  so  paid  under  protest  the  payment  shall  in  no  case  be 
regarded  as  voluntary. 

Whenever,  under  the  provisions  of  this  section,  an  action  is  commenced  against 
the  state  treasurer,  a  copy  of  the  complaint  and  of  the  summons  must  be  served 
upon  the  treasurer,  or  his  deputy.  At  the  time  the  treasurer  demurs  or  answers,  he 
may  demand  that  the  action  be  tried  in  the  superior  court  of  the  county  of  Sacra- 
mento, which  demand  must  be  granted.  The  attorney  general  must  defend  the 
action,  or  may  appoint  any  competent  attorney  to  so  defend,  the  expense  of  which 
employment  shall  be  paid  from  the  repair  fund  raised  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act.  The  provisions  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  relating  to  pleadings,  proofs, 
trials,  and  appeals  are  applicable  to  the  proceedings  herein  provided  for. 

A  failure  to  begin  such  action  within  the  time  herein  specified  shall  be  a  bar 
against  the  recovery  of  such  charges.     In  any  such  action  the  court  shall  have  the 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  131 

power  to  render  judgment  for  plaintiff  for  any  part  or  portion  of  the  charge,  penal- 
ties, or  costs  found  to  be  void  and  so  paid  by  plaintiff  upon  such  asses'smeut. 

Sec.  44.  The  state  controller  shall,  on  or  before  the  thirtieth  day  of  May  next 
following  the  delinquency  of  any  charge  as  provided  in  this  act,  bring  an  action  in  a 
court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in  the  county  of  Sacramento  in  the  name  of  the 
people  of  the  State  of  California,  to  collect  any  delinquent  charges  or  assessments, 
together  with  any  penalties,  or  costs,  which  have  not  been  paid  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act  and  appearing  delinquent  upon  the  records  of  assessments 
and  charges  for  oil  protection  hereinbefore  in  this  act  provided  for. 

The  attorney  general,  or  some  competent  attorney  appointed  by  him  for  that 
purpose,  must  prosecute  such  action,  and  the  provisions  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure relating  to  service  of  summons,  pleadings,  proofs,  trials,  and  appeals  are 
applicable  to  the  proceedings  herein  provided  for.  In  such  action  a  writ  of  attach- 
ment may  be  issued,  and  no  bond  or  affidavit  previous  to  the  issuing  of  said  attach- 
ment is  required.  The  special  attorney  herein  authorized  to  be  appointed  to  prosecute 
such  action  or  actions  shall  be  paid  from  the  repair  funds  raised  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act. 

I'ayraent  of  the  charges  and  penalties,  or  amount  of  the  judgment  recovered  in 
such  action  must  be  made  to  the  state  treasurer'.  In  such  actions  the  record  of 
assessment  and  charges  for  oil  protection,  or  a  copy  of  so  much  thereof  as  is  appli- 
cable in  said  action,  duly  certified  by  the  controller,  showing  unpaid  charges  against 
any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  assessed  by  the  state  mineralogist,  is 
prima  facie  evidence  of  the  assessment  upon  the  property,  the  delinquency,  the 
amount  of  charges,  penalties,  and  costs  due  and  unpaid  to  the  state,  and  that  the 
person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  is  indebted  to  the  people  of  the  state  of 
California  in  the  amount  of  charges  and  penalties  therein  appearing  unpaid,  and 
that  all  the  forms  of  law  in  relation  to  the  assessment  of  such  charges  have  been 
complied  with. 

Sec.  45.  The  first  assessment  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  as  of  the 
first  Monday  in  March,  nineteen  hundred  sixteen,  and  the  reports  of  petroleum 
production  and  sales  of  gas  herein  provided  to  be  assessed  shall  be  reported  for  the 
calendar  year  ending  December  thirty-first,  nineteen  hundred  fifteen.  The  lands 
hei'ein  provided  to  be  assessed  and  charged  shall  be  assessed  to  the  owners  thereof 
as  of  the  first  Monday  in  March,  nineteen  hundred  sixteen. 

Sec.  46.  All  of  the  moneys  paid  to  the  state  treasurer  under  this  act  shall  be 
deposited  to  the  credit  of  the  "oil  protection  fund"  which  is  hereby  created.  Of  the 
moneys  in  such  funds  forty-five  thousand  dollars  only,  shall  be  set  aside  as  a 
"supervision  account"'  and  shall  be  available  annually  for  the  support  and  mainte- 
nance of  the  department  herein  established,  and  for  the  necessary  expenses  of  the 
controller  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Any  balance  remaining  in 
said  account  at  the  end  of  any  fiscal  year  shall  be  carried  over  and  made  a  part  of 
the  succeeding  year's  "supervision  account" ;  provided  further,  that  in  the  first 
assessment  under  this  act,  an  amount  equal  to  the  sum  appropriated  in  section  fifty- 
one  hereof,  shall  be  added  to  the  regular  supervision  account  and  also  the  amount 
of  ten  thousand  dollars  which  shall  be  available  for  providing  offices  and  equipment 
for  the  deputy  supervisors.  All  moneys  shall  be  drawn  from  such  fund,  for  the 
purpose  of  this  act,  upon  warrants  drawn  by  the  controller  of  the  state,  upon 
demands  made  by  the  state  mineralogist,  and  audited  by  the  state  board  of  control. 

Sec.  47.  The  moneys  in  such  fund  shall  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the 
state  mineralogist.  All  moneys  over  and  above  the  forty-five  thousand  dollars  for 
support  and  maintenance  shall  be  available  for  the  actual  repair  of  wells  as  specified 
in  section  fourteen,  and  for  expenditures  provided  for  in  sections  thirty-six,  forty, 
forty-three  and  forty-four  of  this  act.  Moneys  collected  from  any  county  shall  be 
available  for  repair  work  only  in  said  county.  Expenditure  on  repair  work,  in  any 
county,  during  one  year,  shall  not  exceed  an  amount  equal  to  twenty-five  dollars 
per  producing  oil  well  in  said  county,  but  in  no  county  shall  the  amount  exceed 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  and  the  charges  hereinbefore  provided  for  shall  be  so 


132  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

determined  that  such  amount  shall  be  available.  All  moneys  received  in  repayment 
for  repair  work  done  under  the  order  and  direction  of  the  supervisor,  as  hereinbefore 
provided,  shall  be  returned  to  the  repair  fund  of  the  county  in  which  the  work  was 
done. 

Sec.  48.  On  or  before  the  first  day  of  October  in  each  and  every  year,  the  super- 
visor shall  submit  a  report  in  writing  to  the  state  mineralogist  showing  the  total 
number  of  barrels  of  petroleum  produced  iu  each  county  in  the  state  during  the 
previous  fiscal  year,  together  with  the  total  cost  for  said  year  of  supervision  as 
shown  by  the  "supervision  account"  and  the  net  amount  remaining  therein  available 
for  the  succeeding  year's  expense,  also  the  total  amount  uncollected ;  such  report 
shall  also  show  the  total  amount  collected  in  each  county  under  the  "County  Repair 
Account"  during  such  year,  total  amount  expended  for  said  purpose,  the  total  amount 
still  outstanding  and  not  repaid,  and  the  sum  available  for  the  next  succeeding  year. 
Such  report  shall  also  include  such  other  information  as  the  supervisor  may  deem 
advisable.  The  state  mineralogist  shall  make  public  such  statements  promptly  after 
receipt  of  the  same  from  the  supervisor  for  the  benefit  of  all  parties  interested 
therein. 

Sec.  49.  All  leases,  licenses  and  assignments  thereof  or  of  any  interest  therein 
for,  upon  or  concerning  lands  or  tenements  in  this  state,  whereby  a  right  is  given  or 
granted  to  operate  or  to  sink  or  drill  wells  thereon  for  petroleum  or  gas,  or  either, 
or  pertaining  thereto,  shall  be  filed  for  record  forthwith,  and  recorded  in  the  records 
of  the  county  recorder  of  the  county  where  the  property  is  situated  without  delay, 
and  not  be  removed  until  recorded.  No  such  lease  or  license  shall  have  any  force 
or  validity  until  it  is  filed  for  record  as  aforesaid,  except  as  between  parties  thereto, 
unless  the  person  claiming  thereunder  is  in  actual  possession. 

Sec.  50.  Whenever  the  term  "supervisor"  is  used  in  this  act  it  shall  be  taken 
to  mean  the  "state  oil  and  gas  supervisor,"  the  term  "oil"  shall  include  "petroleum," 
the  term  "petroleum"  shall  include  "oil,"  the  term  "gas"  shall  mean  natural  gas 
coming  from  the  earth,  the  tei-m  "operator"  shall  mean  any  person,  firm  or  corpora- 
tion drilling,  maintaining,  operating,  pumping,  or  in  control  of  a  well  in  any  territory 
which  the  supervisor  determines  to  be  oil  or  gas  producing  territory,  the  term 
"owner"  shall  include  "operator"  when  any  oil  or  gas  well  is  operated  or  has  been 
operated  or  is  about  to  be  operated  by  any  person,  firm  or  corporation  other  than  the 
owner  thereof,  and  the  term  "operator"  shall  include  "owner"  when  any  such  well  is 
or  has  been  or  is  about  to  be  operated  by  or  under  the  direction  of  the  owner,  except 
that  all  the  provisions  of  this  act  relating  to  assessments  for  the  purposes  of  this  act 
based  upon  the  annual  production  of  oil  or  petroleum  or  sale  of  gas,  as  set  forth  in 
sections  twenty-two  to  forty-five,  inclusive  of  this  act,  shall  apply  only  to  a  person, 
firm  or  corporation  operating  an  oil  or  petroleum  or  gas  well,  and  shall  not  apply  tQ 
the  owner  of  such  well  if  some  person,  firm  or  corporation,  other  than  such  owner, 
has  been  actually  operating  the  well  during  the  whole  period  for  which  such  annual 
charge  is  made,  but  in  the  event  that  the  actual  operation  of  any  such  well  changes 
hands  during  such  period,  the  charge  shall  be  apportioned  upon  the  basis  of  the  oil 
or  petroleum  or  gas  produced,  and  the  lien  provided  for  in  section  forty-one  of  this 
act  shall  be  a  lien  against  the  property  of  each  and  all  such  operators. 

Sec.  51.  There  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  state  treasury, 
not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  which  said  sum 
shall  be  immediately  transferred  by  the  state  controller  on  the  books  of  his  oflSce 
from  the  general  fund  to  the  "oil  protection  fund"  created  by  section  forty-six  of 
this  act. 

The  above  mentioned  fund  shall  be  available  for  the  uses  of  the  state  mineralogist 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  department  of  petroleum  and  gas  and  for  the  necessary 
expenses  of  the  controller  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  When  the 
collections  paid  to  the  state  treasurer,  as  herein  provided,  equal  the  sum  of  thirty 
thousand  dollars  then  said  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  shall  be  re-transferred 
from  the  oil  protection  fund  to  the  general  fund.  The  moneys  received  into  the 
state  treasury  through  the  provisions  of  this  act  are  hereby  appropriated  for  the 
uses  and  purposes  herein  specified. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  133 

Sec.  52.  If  any  section,  subsection,  sentence,  clause  or  phrase  of  this  act  is  for 
any  reason  held  to  be  unconstitutional,  such  decision  shall  not  affect  the  validity 
of  the  remaining  portions  of  this  act.  The  legislature  hereby  declares  that  it  would 
have  passed  this  act,  and  each  section,  subsection,  sentence,  clause,  and  phrase 
thereof,  irrespective  of  the  fact  that  any  one  or  more  other  sections,  subsections, 
sentences,  clauses,  or  phrases  be  declared  unconstitutional. 

Sec.  53.  This  act  shall  be  liberally  construed  to  meet  its  purposes  and  the 
supervisor  shall  have  all  powers  which  maj'  be  necessary  to  carry  out  the  purposes 
of  this  act,  but  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  any  land  or  wells 
situated  within  the  boundaries  of  an  incorporated  city  where  the  drilling  of  oil  wells 
is  prohibited. 

Sec.  54.  That  certain  act  entitled  "An  act  to  prevent  injury  to  oil,  gas  or 
petroleum-bearing  strata  or  formations  by  the  penetration  or  infiltration  of  water 
therein,"  approved  March  20,  1909,  together  with  all  acts  amendatory  thereof  and 
supplemental  thereto  and  all  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed.  Nothing 
herein  shall  be  construed  as  affecting  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  IG,  1913, 
establishing  a  state  mining  bureau. 


TO  PREVENT  WASTING  OF  NATURAL  GAS. 

An  act  prohibiting  the  unnecessary  wasting  of  natural  gas  into  the  atmosphere; 
providing  for  the  capping  or  otherwise  closing  of  wells  from  which  natural  gas 
flows;  and  providing  penalties  for  violating  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

[Approved   March   25,    1911.] 

The   people  of    the   state    of    California,    represented   in   senate    and    assembly,    do 

enact   as   follows: 

Section  1.  All  persons,  firms,  corporations  and  associations  are  hereby  prohibited 
from  wilfully  permitting  any  natural  gas  wastefuUy  to  escape  into  the  atmosphere. 

Sec.  2.  All  persons,  firms,  corporations  or  associations  digging,  drilling,  exca- 
vating, constructing  or  owning  or  controlling  any  well  from  which  natural  gas  flows 
shall  upon  the  abandonment  of  such  well,  cap  or  otherwise  close  the  mouth  of  or 
entrance  to  the  same  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  the  unnecessary  or  wasteful 
escape  into  the  atmosphere  of  such  natural  gas.  And  no  person,  firm,  corporation 
or  association  owning  or  controlling  land  in  which  such  well  or  wells  are  situated 
shall  wilfully  permit  natural  gas  flowing  from  such  well  or  wells,  wastefully  or 
unnecessarily  to  escape  into  the  atmosphere. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  who  shall  wilfully  violate 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon 
conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  one  thousand  dollars 
or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  by  both  such 
fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  4.  For  the  purposes  of  this  act  each  day  during  which  natural  gas  shall 
be  wilfully  allowed  wastefully  or  unnecessarily  to  escape  into  the  atmosphere  shall 
be  deemed  a  separate  and  distinct  violation  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.     All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  6.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


134  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


CALIFORNIA  STATUTES. 

LOCATION  OF  MINING  CLAIMS,  MILL  SITES,  AND  ASSESSMENT 

WORK. 

An  act  to  amend  the  Civil  Code  of  California  by  adding  a  new  title  thereto,  to  be 
numbered  title  X,  in  part  IV  of  division  second,  consisting  of  sections  1426,  1426a, 
1426b,  1426c,  1426d,  1426e.  1425f,  1426g.  1426h,  1426i,  1426j,  1426k,  14261,  1426m, 
1426n,  14260,  1426p,  1426q,  1426r,  and  1426s,  providing  for  the  manner  of  locating 
lode  and  placer  mining  claims,  tunnel  rights,  mill  sites,  and  prescribing  the  char- 
acter and  amount  of  assessment  work  on  mining  claims,  and  providing  for  proofs 
of  such  work,  and  for  the  recordation  of  location  notices,  and  proof  of  labor,  and 
for  the  enforcement  of  contributions  from  delinquent  co-owners  of  mining  claims, 
and  prescribing  the  duties  of  county  recorders  respecting  the  recording  of  location 
notices  of,  and  proofs  of  labor  on,  mining  claims,  tunnel  rights,  and  mill  sites, 
and  the  fees  to  be  charged  therefor,  and  repealing  acts  in  conflict  herewith. 

[Approved  March  13,  1909.] 

The   people  of    the   state    of    California,    represented   in,   senate    and    assembly,    do 

enact   as   follows: 

Section  1.  The  Civil  Code  of  the  state  of  California  is  hereby  amended  by  add- 
ing a  new  title  thereto,  to  be  numbered  title  X,  in  part  IV  of  second  division,  con- 
sisting of  sections  1426,  1426a,  1426b,  1426c,  1426rf,  1426e,  1426^  U2Qg,  1426/1, 
1426t,  1426;,  1426fc,  1426/,  1426m,  1426n,  1426o,  1426p,  1426^,  1426r,  and  1426s, 
to  read  as  follows : 

§  1426.  Any  person,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  who  has  declared  his 
intention  to  become  such,  who  discovers  a  vein  or  lode  of  quartz,  or  other  rock  in 
place  bearing  gold,  silver,  cinnabar,  lead,  tin,  copper,  or  other  valuable  deposit,  may 
locate  a  claim  upon  such  vein  or  lode,  by  defining  the  boundaries  of  the  claim,  in  the 
manner  hereinafter  described,  and  by  posting  a  notice  of  such  location,  at  the  point 
of  discovery,  which  notice  must  contain  : 

First — The  name  of  the  lode  or  claim. 

Second — The  name  of  the  locator  or  locators. 

Third — The  number  of  linear  feet  claimed  in  length  along  the  course  of  the  vein, 
each  way  from  the  point  of  discovery,  with  the  width  on  each  side  of  the  center  of 
the  claim,  and  the  general  course  of  the  vein  or  lode,  as  near  as  may  be. 

Fourth — The  date  of  location. 

Fifth — Such  a  description  of  the  claim  by  reference  to  some  natural  object,  or 
permanent  monument,  as  will  identify  the  claim  located. 

§  1426a.  The  locator  must  define  the  boundaries  of  his  claim  so  that  they  may 
be  readily  traced,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  claim  extend  more  than  fifteen  hundred 
feet  along  the  course  of  the  vein  or  lode,  nor  more  than  three  hundred  feet  on  either 
side  thereof,  measured  from  the  center  line  of  the  vein  at  the  surface. 

§  14266.  Within  thirty  days  after  the  posting  of  his  notice  of  location  upon  a 
lode  mining  claim,  the  locator  shall  record  a  true  copy  thereof  in  the  oflSce  of  the 
county  recorder  of  the  county  in  which  such  claim  is  situated,  for  which  service  the 
county  recorder  shall  receive  a  fee  of  one  dollar. 

§  1426c.  The  location  of  a  placer  claim  shall  be  made  in  the  following  manner: 
By  posting  thereon,  upon  a  tree,  rock  in  place,  stone,  post  or  monument,  a  notice  of 
location,  containing  the  name  of  the  claim,  name  of  locator  or  locators,  date  of  loca- 
tion, number  of  feet  or  acreage  claimed,  such  a  description  of  the  claim  by  reference 
to  some  natural  object  or  permanent  monument  as  will  identify  the  claim  located, 
and  by  marking  the  boundaries  so  that  they  may  be  readily  traced ;  provided,  that 
where  the  United  States  survey  has  been  extended  over  the  land  embraced  in  the 
location,  the  claim  may  be  taken  by  legal  subdivisions  and  no  other  reference  than 
those  of  said  survey  shall  be  required  and  the  boundaries  of  a  claim  so  located  and 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  135 

described  need  not  be  staked  or  monumented.     The  description  by  legal  subdivisions 
shall  be  deemed  the  equivalent  of  marking. 

§  142G<i.  Within  thirty  days  after  the  posting  of  the  notice  of  location  of  a 
placer  claim,  the  locator  shall  record  a  true  copy  thereof  in  the  office  of  the  county 
recorder  of  the  county  in  which  such  claim  is  situated,  for  which  service  the  recorder 
shall  receive  a  fee  of  one  dollar. 

§  142Gr.  The  locator  of  a  tunnel  right  or  location,  shall  locate  his  tunnel  right 
or  location  by  posting  a  notice  of  location  at  the  face  or  point  of  commencement  of 
the  tunnel,  which  must  contain  : 

First — The  name  of  the  locator  or  locators. 

.Second — The  date  of  the  location. 

Third — The  proposed  course  or  direction  of  the  tunnel. 

Fourth — A  description  of  the  tunnel,  with  reference  to  some  natural  object  or 
permanent  monument  as  shall  identify  the  claim  or  tunnel  right. 

§  142G/.  The  boundary  lines  of  the  tunnel  shall  be  established  by  stakes  or 
monuments  placed  along  the  lines  at  an  interval  of  not  more  than  six  hundred  feet 
from  the  face  or  point  of  commencement  of  the  tunnel  to  the  terminus  of  three 
thousand  feet  therefrom. 

§  1426<7.  Within  thirty  days  after  the  posting  of  the  notice  of  location  of  the 
tunnel  right  or  location,  the  locator  shall  record  a  true  copy  thereof,  in  the  office 
of  the  county  recorder  of  the  county  in  which  such  claim  is  situated,  for  which 
service  the  recorder  shall  receive  a  fee  of  one  dollar. 

§  1426/;.  If  at  any  time  the  locator  of  any  mining  claim  heretofore  or  hereafter 
located,  or  his  assigns,  shall  apprehend  that  his  original  location  notice  was  defective, 
erroneous,  or  that  the  requirements  of  the  law  had  not  been  complied  with  before 
filing ;  or  in  ca.se  the  original  notice  was  made  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act,  and 
he  shall  be  desirous  of  securing  the  benefit  of  this  act,  such  locator,  or  his  assigns, 
may  file  an  additional  notice,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  provided,  that 
such  amended  location  notice  does  not  interfere  with  the  existing  rights  of  others  at 
the  time  of  posting  and  filing  such  amended  location  notice,  and  no  such  amended 
location  notice  or  the  record  thereof,  shall  preclude  the  claimant,  or  claimants  from 
proving  any  such  title  as  he  or  they  may  have  held  under  previous  locations. 

§  1426i'.  Where  a  locator,  or  his  assigns,  has  the  boundaries  and  corners  of  his 
claim  established  by  a  United  States  deputy  mineral  survey,  or  a  licensed  surveyor 
of  this  state,  and  his  claim  connected  with  the  corner  of  the  public  or  minor  surveys 
of  an  established  initial  point,  and  incorporates  into  the  record  of  the  claim,  the 
field  notes  of  such  survey,  and  attaches  to  and  files  with  such  location  notice  a  cer- 
tificate of  the  surveyor,  setting  forth  :  first,  that  said  survey  was  actually  made  by 
him,  giving  the  date  thereof;  second,  the  name  of  the  claim  surveyed  and  the  location 
thereof ;  third,  that  the  description  incorporated  in  the  declaratory  statement  is 
sufficient  to  identify ;  such  survey  and  certificate  becomes  a  part  of  the  record,  and 
such  record  is  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  facts  therein  contained. 

§  142Gy.  The  proprietor  of  a  vein  or  lode  claim  or  mine,  or  the  owner  of  a  quartz 
mill  or  reduction  works,  or  any  person  qualified  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States, 
may  locate  not  more  than  five  acres  of  non-mineral  land  as  a  mill  site.  Such  location 
shall  be  made  in  the  same  manner  as  hereinbefore  required  for  locating  placer  claims. 

§  1426fc.  The  locator  of  a  mill  site  claim  or  location  shall,  within  thirty  days 
from  the  date  of  his  location,  record  a  true  copy  of  his  location  notice  with  the 
county  recorder  of  the  county  in  which  such  location  is  situated,  for  which  service 
the  recorder  shall  receive  a  fee  of  one  dollar. 

S  'I42G^  The  amotint  of  work  done  or  improvements  made  during  each  year  to 
hold  possession  of  a  mining  claim  shall  be  that  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  to  wit :  One  hundred  dollars  annually. 

§  142Gni.  Whenever  fal  mine  owner,  company,  or  corporation  shall  have  per- 
formed the  labor  and  made  the  improvements  required  by  law  upon  any  mining  claim, 
the  person  in  whose  behalf  such  labor  was  performed  or  improvements  made,  or 
some  one  in  his  behalf,  shall  within  thirty  days  after  the  time  limited  for  performing 


136  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

such  labor  or  making  such  improvements  make  and  have  recorded  by  the  county 
recorder,  in  books  kept  for  that  purpose,  in  the  county  in  which  such  mining  claim 
is  situated,  an  affidavit  setting  forth  the  value  of  labor  or  improvements  made,  the 
name  of  the  claim,  and  the  name  of  the  owner  or  claimant  of  said  claim  at  whose 
expense  the  same  was  made  or  performed.  Such  affidavit,  or  a  copy  thereof,  duly 
certified  by  the  county  recorder,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  performance  of 
such  labor  or  the  making  of  such  improvements,  or  both. 

§  1426n.  For  recording  the  affidavit  herein  required,  the  county  recorder  shall 
receive  a  fee  of  fifty  cents. 

§  1426o.  Whenever  a  co-owner  or  co-owners  of  a  mining  claim  shall  give  to  a 
delinquent  co-owner  or  co-owners  the  notice  in  writing  or  notice  by  publication  pro- 
vided for  in  section  2324,  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  an  affidavit  of  the 
person  giving  such  notice,  stating  the  time,  place,  manner  of  service,  and  by  whom 
and  upon  whom  such  service  was  made,  shall  be  attached  to  a  true  copy  of  such 
notice,  and  such  notice  and  affidavit  must  be  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  county 
recorder,  in  books  kept  for  that  purpose,  in  the  county  in  which  the  claim  is  situated, 
within  ninety  days,  after  the  giving  of  such  notice ;  for  the  recording  of  which  said 
recorder  shall  receive  the  same  fees  as  are  now  allowed  by  law  for  recording  deeds ; 
or  if  such  notice  is  given  by  publication  in  a  newspaper,  there  shall  be  attached  to 
a  printed  copy  of  such  notice  an  affidavit  of  the  printer  or  his  foreman,  or  principal 
clerk  of  such  paper,  stating  the  date  of  the  first,  last  and  each  insertion  of  such 
notice  therein,  and  where  the  newspaper  was  published  during  that  time,  and  the 
name  of  such  newspaper.  Such  affidavit  and  notice  shall  be  recorded  as  aforesaid, 
within  one  hundred  and  eighty  days  after  the  first  publication  thereof.  The  original 
of  such  notice  and  affidavit,  or  a  duly  certified  copy  of  the  record  thereof,  shall  be 
prima  facie  evidence  that  the  delinquent  mentioned  in  section  2324  has  failed  or 
refused  to  contribute  his  proportion  of  the  expenditure  required  by  that  section,  and 
of  the  service  of  publication  of  said  notice ;  provided,  the  writing  or  affidavit  herein- 
after provided  for  is  not  of  record.  If  such  delinquent  shall,  within  the  ninety  days 
required  by  section  2324.  aforesaid,  contribute  to  his  co-owner  or  co-owners,  his  pro- 
portion of  such  expenditures,  and  also  all  costs  of  service  of  the  notice  required  by 
this  section,  whether  incurred  for  publication  charges,  or  otherwise,  such  co-owner 
or  co-owners  shall  sign  and  deliver  to  the  delinquent  or  delinquents  a  writing  stating 
that  the  delinquent  or  delinquents  by  name  has  within  the  time  required  by  sec- 
tion 2324  aforesaid,  contributed  his  share  for  the  year ,  upon  the 

mine,  and  further  stating  therein  the  district,  county  and  state  wherein  the  same 
is  situated,  and  the  book  and  page  where  the  location  notice  is  recorded,  if  said  mine 
was  located  under  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  such  writing  shall  be  recorded  in  the 
office  of  the  county  recorder  of  said  county,  for  which  he  shall  receive  the  same  fees 
as  are  now  allowed  by  law  for  recording  deeds.  If  such  co-owner  or  co-owners  shall 
fail  to  sign  and  deliver  such  writing  to  the  delinquent  or  delinquents  within  twenty 
days  after  such  contribution,  the  co-owner  or  co-owners  so  failing  as  aforesaid  shall 
be  liable  to  the  penalty  of  one  hundred  dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  any  person  for 
the  use  of  the  delinquent  or  delinquents  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction.  If 
such  co-owner  or  co-owners  fail  to  deliver  such  writing  within  said  twenty  days, 
the  delinquent,  with  two  disinterested  persons  having  personal  knowledge  of  such 
contribution,  may  make  affidavit  setting  forth  in  what  manner,  the  amount  of,  to 
whom,  and  upon  what  mine,  such  contribution  was  made.  Such  affidavit,  or  a  record 
thereof,  in  the  office  of  the  county  recorder  of  the  county  in  which  such  mine  is 
situated,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  such  contribution. 

§  1426/).  The  record  of  any  location  of  a  mining  claim,  mill  site  or  tunnel  right, 
in  the  office  of  the  county  recorder,  as  herein  provided  shall  be  received  in  evidence, 
and  have  the  same  force  and  effect  in  the  courts  of  the  state  as  the  original  notice. 

§  I42O7.  Copies  of  the  records  of  all  instruments  required  to  be  recorded  by  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  duly  certified  by  the  recorder,  in  whose  custody  such  records 
are,  may  be  read  in  evidence,  under  the  same  circumstances  and  rules  as  are  now, 
or  may  be  hereafter  provided  by  law,  for  using  copies  of  instruments  relating  to  real 
estate,  duly  executed  or  acknowledged  or  proved  and  recorded. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  137 

§  142Gr.  The  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  in  any  manner  be  construed  as 
affecting  or  abolishing  any  mining  district  or  the  rules  and  regulations  thereof  within 
the  state  of  California. 

§  142G«.  The  failure  or  neglect  of  any  locator  of  a  mining  claim  to  perform 
development  work  of  the  character,  in  the  manner  and  within  the  time  required  by 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  shall  disqualify  such  locators  from  relocating  the 
ground  embraced  in  the  original  location  or  raining  claim  or  any  part  thereof  under 
the  mining  laws,  within  three  years  after  the  date  of  his  original  location  and  any 
attempted  relocation  thereof  by  any  of  the  original  locators  shall  render  such  location 
void. 

Sec.  2.     All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  this  act,  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  3.     This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  on  and  after  July  1,  1909. 

STATE  SCHOOL  LANDS. 

Act  2227  (General  Laws).  This  act  provides  that  public  lands  of  California, 
Sees.  16  and  36,  are  open  to  mineral  entry  under  the  usual  mining  law  provisions. 


MINING  CORPORATIONS. 

An  act  to  repeal  Title  XI  of  Part  IV  of  Division  First  of  the  Civil  Code  and  each 
and  every  section  of  said  title,  and  to  substitute  a  new  Title  XI  to  take  the 
place  thereof  in  said  code,  relating  to  mining  corporations. 

[Approved  March  21,   1905.] 

The   people    of    the    state    of   California,    represented   in   senate   and    assembli/,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Title  XI  and  Part  IV  of  Division  First  of  the  Civil  Code  and  each 
and  every  section  of  said  title  are  hereby  repealed,  and  a  new  Title  XI  is  substi- 
tuted in  place  thereof  in  said  code,  to  read  as  follows : 

TITLE  XL 

MINING    CORPOKATIONS. 

Sec.   586.  Transfer  agencies. 

587.  Stock  issued  at   transfer  agencies. 
587a.  Consolidation   of   mining   corporations. 

588.  Books   and   balance   sheets   to   be   kept   by   secretary.     Stockholders'   right 

to  inspect. 

589.  Right  of  stockholders  to  visit  mine  with  expert. 

590.  Liability  of  presidents  and  directors. 

§  586.  Any  corporation  organized  in  this  state  for  the  purpose  of  mining  or 
carrying  on  mining  operations  in  or  without  this  state,  may  establish  and  maintain 
agencies  in  other  states  of  the  United  States,  for  the  transfer  and  issuing  of  their 
stock  ;  and  a  transfer  or  issue  of  the  same  at  any  such  transfer  agency,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  its  by-laws,  is  valid  and  binding  as  fully  and  effectually  for 
all  purposes  as  if  made  upon  the  books  of  such  corporation  at  its  principal  office 
within  this  state.  The  agencies  must  be  governed  by  the  by-laws  and  the  directors 
of  the  corporation. 

§  587.  All  stock  of  any  such  corporation,  issued  at  a  transfer  agency,  must  be 
signed  by  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  corporation,  and  countersigned  at  the 
time  of  its  issue  by  the  agent  having  charge  of  the  transfer  agency.  No  stock  must 
be  issued  at  a  transfer  agency  unless  (he  certificate  of  stock,  in  lieu  of  which  the 
same  is  issued,  is  at  the  time  surrendered  for  cancellation. 

§  587(7.  It  is  lawful  for  two  or  more  corporations  formed,  or  that  may  hereafter 
be  formed,  under  the  laws  of  this  state,  for  mining  purposes,  which  own  or  possess 
mining  claims  or  lands  adjoining  each  other,  or  lying  in  the  same  vicinity,  to  con- 
solidate their  capital  stock,  debts,  property,  assets  and  franchises,  in  such  manner 

10—25437 


138  mineraij  industry  op  California. 

and  upon  such  terms  as  may  be  agreed  upon  by  the  respective  boards  of  directore 
or  trustees  of  such  corporations  so  desiring  to  consolidate  their  interests ;  but  no 
such  consolidation  must  take  place  without  the  written  consent  of  the  stockholders 
representing  two-thirds  of  the  capital  stock  of  each  corporation,  and  no  such  consoli- 
dation can,  in  any  way,  relieve  such  corporations,  or  the  stockholders  thereof,  from 
any  and  all  just  liabilities;  and  in  case  of  such  consolidation,  due  notice  of  the  same 
must  be  given,  by  advertising,  for  one  month,  in  at  least  one  newspaper  in  the 
county  where  the  said  mining  property  is  situated,  if  there  is  one  published  therein, 
and  also  in  one  newspaper  published  in  the  county  where  the  principal  place  i>f 
business  of  any  of  said  corporation  is.  And  when  the  consolidation  is  completed, 
a  certificate  thereof,  containing  the  manner  and  terms  of  such  consolidation,  must 
be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  county  clerk  of  the  county  in  which  the  original  certificate 
of  incorporation  of  each  of  said  corporations  is  filed,  and  a  copy  thereof  must  be 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state ;  such  certificate  must  be  signed  by  a 
majority  of  each  board  of  trustees  or  directors  of  the  original  corporations,  and 
it  is  their  duly  to  call,  within  thirty  days  after  the  filing  of  such  certificate,  a 
meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  all  of  said  corporations  so  consolidated,  to  elect  a 
board  of  trustees  or  directors  for  the  consolidated  corporation,  for  the  year  thence 
next  ensuing ;  and  to  cause  notice  of  the  time  and  place  fixed  for  such  meeting  to  be 
mailed  to  each  stockholder  of  each  of  such  corporations  at  his  last  known  place 
of  residence  or  business  at  least  ten  days  before  the  time  fixed  for  such  meeting. 
The  said  certificate  must  also  contain  all  the  requirements  prescribed  by  section  two 
hundred  and  ninety. 

§  588.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  every  corporation  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  mining,  or  conducting  mining  in  California,  whether  such  corporation  be  formed 
and  organized  under  the  laws  of  the  state  of  California  or  of  any  other  state, 
territory,  or  foreign  country,  to  keep  at  some  place  within  the  state  of  California 
an  office  and  in  such  office  to  keep  a  complete  set  of  books  showing  all  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  such  corporation,  the  sources  of  such  receipts,  and  the  objects  of 
such  expenditures,  and  also  all  transfers  of  stock.  All  books  and  papers  must,  at 
all  times  during  business  hours,  be  open  to  the  inspection  of  any  stockholder.  He 
is  entitled  to  be  accompanied  by  an  expert,  and  to  make  copies  or  extracts  from 
any  such  books  or  papers.  He  may,  at  reasonable  hours,  examine  such  mining 
property,  accompanied  by  an  expert,  take  samples,  and  make  such  other  examination 
as  he  may  deem  necessary.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  directors,  on  the  second  Monday 
of  each  and  every  month,  to  cause  to  be  made  an  itemized  account  or  balance  sheet 
for  the  previous  month,  embracing  a  full  and  complete  statement  of  all  disburse- 
ments and  receipts,  showing  from  what  sources  such  receipts  were  derived,  and  to 
whom  and  for  what  object  or  purpose  such  disbursements  or  payments  were  made ; 
also  all  indebtedness  or  liabilities  incurred  or  existing  at  the  time,  and  for  what 
the  same  were  incurred,  and  the  balance  of  money,  if  any,  on  hand.  Such  account 
or  balance  sheet  must  be  verified  under  oath  by  the  president  and  secretary,  and 
posted  in  some  conspicuous  place  in  the  office  of  the  company.  It  is  the  duty  of 
the  superintendent,  on  the  first  Monday  of  each  month,  to  file  with  the  secretary 
an  itemized  account,  verified  under  oath,  showing  all  receipts  and  disbursements 
made  by  him  for  the  previous  month,  and  for  what  said  disbursements  were  made. 
Such  account  must  also  contain  a  verified  statement  showing  the  number  of  men 
employed  under  him,  and  for  what  purpose,  and  the  rate  of  wages  paid  to  each. 
He  must  attach  to  such  account  a  full  and  complete  report,  under  oath,  of  the 
work  done  in  said  mine,  the  amount  of  ore  extracted,  from  what  part  of  mine  taken, 
the  amount  sent  to  mill  for  reduction,  its  assay  value,  the  amount  of  bullion  received, 
the  amount  of  bullion  shipped  to  the  office  of  the  company  or  elsewhere,  and  the 
amount,  if  any,  retained  by  the  superintendent.  It  is  his  duty  to  forward  to  the 
office  of  the  company  a  full  report,  under  oath,  of  all  discoveries  of  ores  or  mineral- 
bearing  quartz  made  in  said  mine,  whether  by  boring,  drifting,  sinking,  or  otherwise, 
together  with  the  assay  value  thereof.  All  accounts,  reports,  and  correspondence 
from  the  superintendent  must  be  kept  in  some  conspicuous  place  in  the  office  of 
said  company,  open  to  the  inspection  of  all  stockholders. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  139 

§  589.  Any  stockholder  of  a  corporation  formed  under  the  laws  of  this  state  for 
the  purpose  of  mining,  is  entitled  to  visit,  accompanied  by  his  expert,  and  examine 
the  mine  or  mines  owned  by  such  corporation,  and  every  part  thereof,  at  any  time 
he  may  see  fit ;  and  when  such  stockholder  applies  to  the  president  of  such  corpo- 
ration, he  must  immediately  cause  the  secretary  thereof  to  issue  and  deliver  to  such 
applicant  an  order,  under  the  seal  of  the  corporation,  directed  to  the  superintendent, 
commanding  him  to  show  and  exhibit  such  parts  of  said  mine  or  mines  as  the  parly 
named  in  said  order  may  desire  to  visit  and  examine.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  super- 
intendent, on  receiving  such  order,  to  furnish  such  stockholder  every  facility  for 
making  a  full  and  complete  inspection  of  said  mine  or  mines,  and  of  the  workings 
therein,  and  to  accompany  said  stockholder  either  in  person,  or  to  furnish  some 
person  familiar  with  said  mine  or  mines  to  accompany  him  in  his  visit  to  and 
through  such  mine  or  mines,  and  every  part  thereof.  If  the  superintendent  fails  to 
obey  such  order,  such  stockholder  is  entitled  to  recover,  in  any  court  of  competent 
jurisdiction,  against  the  corporation,  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  traveling 
expenses  to  and  from  the  mine,  as  liquidated  damages,  together  with  costs  of  suit. 
In  case  of  such  refusal,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  directors  of  the  corporation  forthwith 
to  remove  the  officer  so  refusing,  and  thereafter  he  must  not  be  employed  directly 
or  indirectly  by  the  corporation,  nor  must  any  salary  be  paid  to  him. 

§  590.  In  case  of  the  refusal  or  neglect  of  the  president  to  cause  to  be  Issued 
by  the  secretary  the  order  mentioned  in  section  five  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  such 
stockholder  is  entitled  to  recover  against  said  president  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars  and  costs,  as  provided  in  the  last  section.  If  the  directors  fail  to  have  the 
reports  and  accounts  current  made  and  posted  as  provided  in  section  five  hundred 
and  eighty-eight,  they  are  liable,  either  severally  or  jointlj%  to  an  action  by  any 
stockholder  complaining  thereof,  and  on  proof  of  such  refusal  or  failure,  he  may 
recover  judgment  for  actual  damages  sustained  by  him,  with  costs  of  suit.  Each 
of  such  defaulting  directors  is  also  liable  to  removal  for  such  neglect. 


CORPORATION  LICENSE  TAX  LAW. 

Chapter  190. 

An  act  prescribing  terms  and  conditions  upon  which  corporations  may  transact  busi- 
ness In  this  state  and  providing  penalties  and  forfeitures  for  noncompliance. 

[Approved  May   10,   1915.] 

The  people  of  the  state  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Every  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of  another  state,  terri- 
tory, or  of  a  foreign  country,  which  is  now  doing  business  in  this  state  or  main- 
taining an  oflBce  herein,  and  which  has  not  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state  prior  to 
the  day  on  which  this  act  takes  effect  the  document  or  documents  required  by 
section  four  hundred  and  eight  of  the  Civil  Code,  or  which  shall  hereafter  do 
business  in  this  state  or  maintain  an  office  herein,  or  which  shall  enter  this  state 
for  the  purpose  of  doing  business  herein,  must  file  in  the  office  of  the  secretary 
of  state  of  the  state  of  California  a  certified  copy  of  its  articles  of  incorporation, 
or  of  its  charter,  or  of  the  statute  or  statutes,  or  legislative,  or  executive,  or  govern- 
mental act  or  acts  creating  it,  in  cases  where  it  has  been  created  by  charter,  or 
statute,  or  legislative,  or  executive,  or  governmental  act,  duly  certified  by  the  secre- 
tary of  state  or  other  officer  authorized  by  the  law  of  the  jurisdiction  under  which 
such  corporation  is  formed  to  certify  such  copy,  and  must  also  file  a  certified  copy 
thereof,  duly  certified  by  the  secretary  of  state  of  this  state  in  the  office  of  the 
county  clerk  of  the  county  where  its  principal  place  of  business  in  this  state  is 
located,  and  also  where  such  corporation  owns  any  property,  and  every  such  corpora- 
tion shall  pay  to  the  secretary  of  state  for  filing  in  his  office  such  certified  copy 
of  its  articles  of  incorporation,  or  of  its  charter,  or  of  the  statute  or  statutes,  or 


140  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNLV. 

legislative,  or  executive,  or  governmental  act  or  acts  creating  it,  a  fee  of  seventy- 
five  dollars,  which  fee  shall  be  in  lieu  of  the  filing  fee  provided  for  in  section  four 
hundred  and  nine  of  the  Political  Code ;  provided,  that  foreign  corporations  organ- 
ized for  educational,  religious,  scientific  or  charitable  purposes  and  having  no  capital 
stock,  shall  pay  a  fee  of  five  dollars  for  filing  the  document  or  documents  hereinabove 
required. 

Foreign  corporations  having  a  capital  stock  shall  also  file  with  the  secretary  of 
state  copies  of  any  documents  showing  an  increase  or  decrease  in  their  authorized 
capital  stock,  which  documents  shall  be  certified  in  the  manner  hereinabove  required, 
but  no  fee  shall  be  paid  for  such  filing.  It  is  hereby  provided  that  every  foreign 
corporation  subject  to  the  tax  herein  provided  shall  file  with  the  secretary  of  state, 
at  the  time  it  tenders  payment  of  said  tax  and  any  penalty  which  has  accrued, 
an  afiidavit  sworn  to  by  its  president  or  secretary,  showing  the  amount  of  its 
authorized  capital  stock  on  the  first  day  of  January  of  the  year  in  which  said  pay- 
ment is  made,  and  in  the  event  that  such  authorized  capital  stock,  as  shown  by 
such  afiidavit,  differs  from  the  amount  of  such  capital  stock  as  appears  from  the 
records  of  the  secretary  of  state,  then  the  tax  herein  provided  shall  be  measured  by 
the  amount  shown  in  such  afiidavit,  but  in  such  event  the  license  herein  required 
shall  not  be  issued  nor  shall  the  amount  so  tendered  be  accepted  until  copies  of  any 
documents  relating  to  such  change  in  authorized  capital  stock,  certified  as  required 
by  this  section,  shall  have  been  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state.  If  such  corpora- 
tion shall  neglect  to  file  such  copy  or  copies  before  the  hour  of  six  o'clock  p.m. 
of  the  first  Monday  of  February  of  the  year  for  which  the  license  must  be  procured, 
it  shall  suffer  the  penalty  for  the  delinquency  herein  provided  and  if  it  shall  neglect 
to  make  such  filing  before  the  hour  of  six  o'clock  p.m.  of  the  Saturday  preceding 
the  first  Monday  in  March  of  such  year,  it  shall  suffer  the  forfeiture  provided  in 
section  seven  of  this  act ;  provided,  hoicever,  that  any  foreign  corporation  which,  prior 
to  the  eighth  day  of  March,  nineteen  hundi'ed  and  one,  shall  have  complied  with  the 
provisions  of  the  act  entitled,  "An  act  to  amend  'An  act  in  relation  to  foreign 
corporations,'  approved  April  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two,"  approved 
March  seventeenth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-nine,  shall,  in  lieu  of  the  provisions 
of  this  section  above  set  forth,  file  the  affidavit  herein  required  and  the  license  tax 
due  from  such  corporation  shall  be  measured  by  the  authorized  capital  stock,  as 
shown  thereby. 

Sec.  2.  Upon  filing  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  the  certified  copy  of 
articles  of  incorporation  of  corporations  organized  under  the  laws  of  this  state, 
there  shall  be  paid  to  the  secretary  of  state  the  fees  prescribed  therefor  by  section 
four  hundred  and  nine  of  the  iPolitical  Code. 

Sec.  3.  No  corporation  heretofore  or  hereafter  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
this  state,  or  of  any  other  state,  territory,  or  foreign  countiy,  shall  do  or  attempt  to 
do  any  intrastate  business  within  this  state  by  virtue  of  its  charter,  or  certificate 
of  incorporation,  without  a  state  license  therefor. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  corporation  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
this  state,  and  of  every  corporation  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  any  other  state, 
territory,  or  foreign  country,  now  doing  intrastate  business  within  this  state,  or 
which  shall  hereafter  engage  in  intrastate  business  in  this  state,  to  procure  annually 
from  the  secretary  of  state  a  license  authorizing  the  transaction  of  such  business  in 
this  state,  and  to  pay  therefor  the  license  tax  prescribed  herein. 

For  the  purpose  of  measuring  said  tax  the  secretary  of  state  shall  examine  all 
articles  of  incorporation  and  all  documents  on  file  in  his  office  relating  to  an  increase 
or  decrease  in  the  authorized  capital  stock  of  corporations  which  are  subject  to  said 
tax.  and  determine  the  amount  due  from  each  corporation  by  the  following  rule : 

When  the  authorized  capital  stock  of  the  corporation  does  not  exceed  ten  thousand 
dollars  (!?10.000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  ten  dollars  (.$10.00)  ;  when  the  authorized 
capital  stock  exceeds  ten  thousand  dollars  ($10,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed  twenty 
thousand  dollars  ($20,000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  fifteen  dollars  ($15.00)  ;  when  the 
authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  twenty  thousand  dollars  ($20,(X)0.00)  but  does 
not   exceed   fifty    thousand   dollars    ($50,000.00)    the   tax  shall    be   twenty   dollars 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  141 

($20.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  fifty  thousand  dollars 
($50,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  ($100,000.00) 
the  tax  shall  be  twenty-five  dollars  ($25.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock 
exceeds  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  ($100,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  ($250,000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  fifty  dollars 
($50.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars  ($250,000.00),  but  does  not  exceed  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars  ($500,000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  seventy-five  dollars  ($75.00)  ;  when  the 
authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  ($500,000.00)  but 
docs  not  exceed  one  million  dollars  ($1,000,000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  one  hundred 
dollars  ($100.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  one  million  dollars 
($1,000,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed  three  million  dollars  ($3,000,000.00)  the  tax 
shall  be  two  hundred  dollars  ($200.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds 
three  million  dollars  ($3,000,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed  five  million  dollars 
($5,000,000.00)  the  tax  sliall  be  three  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  ($350.00)  ;  when 
the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  five  million  dollars  ($5,000,000.00)  but  does 
not  exceed  seven  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  ($7,500,000.00)  the  tax  shall 
be  five  hundred  fifty  dollars  ($550.00)  ;  when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds 
seven  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  ($7,500,000.00)  but  does  not  exceed 
ten  million  dollars  ($10,000,000.00)  the  tax  shall  be  eight  hundred  dollars  ($800.00)  ; 
when  the  authorized  capital  stock  exceeds  ten  million  dollars  ($10,000,000.00)  the 
tax  shall  be  one  thousand  dollars  ($1,000.00).  All  corporations  having  no  capital 
stock,  but  organized  for  profit,  shall  pay  an  annual  tax  of  ten  dollars  ($10.00). 
Said  license  tax  shall  be  due  and  payable  to  the  secretary  of  state  on  the  first  day 
of  January  of  each  and  every  year.  Such  license  tax  shall  be  paid  on  or  before  the 
hour  of  six  o'clock  p.m.  of  the  first  Monday  of  February  of  each  year  and  if  not 
so  paid  shall  at  said  hour  become  delinquent  and  there  shall  thereupon  be  added 
thereto  as  a  penalty  for  such  delinquency  the  sum  of  ten  dollars  ($10.00). 

Sec.  5.  The  license  hereby  provided  authorizes  the  corporation  holding  the  same 
to  transact  intrastate  business  in  this  state  during  the  year  or  any  fractional  part 
of  such  year  for  which  such  license  is  issued.  "Year,"  within  the  meaning  of  this 
act.  means  from  and  including  the  first  day  of  January  to  and  including  the 
thirty-first  day  of  December  next  thereafter. 

Sec.  6.  At  the  time  of  filing  any  certified  copy  of  articles  of  incorporation,  or 
charter,  or  statute  or  statutes,  or  legislative,  or  executive  or  governmental  act  or  acts 
creating  a  corporation,  when  filed  between  the  first  day  of  January  and  the  thirty- 
first  day  of  December,  inclusive,  in  any  year,  there  shall  be  paid  to  the  secretary  of 
state,  in  addition  to  all  other  fees  required  by  law,  that  proportion  of  the  license 
tax  specified  in  section  four  of  this  act  which  the  unexpired  number  of  months  of 
such  year  bears  to  the  entire  year  including  the  month  in  which  such  filing  occurs, 
and  thereupon  the  secretary  of  state  shall  issue  a  license  for  such  fractional  part 
of  the  then  current  year. 

Sec.  7.  At  the  hour  of  six  o'clock  p.m.  of  the  Saturday  preceding  the  first 
Monday  in  March  of  each  year  the  charters  of  all  corporations  organized  under  the 
laws  of  this  state  and  which  have  failed  to  pay  the  license  tax  and  penalty  pre- 
scribed by  section  four  of  this  act  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  state  of  California,  and 
the  right  of  all  foreign  corporations  to  do  intrastate  business  in  this  state,  which 
have  failed  to  pay  said  license  tax  and  penalties  shall  be  likewise  forfeited. 

Sec.  8.  Educational,  religious,  scientific  and  charitable  corporations,  corporations 
which  are  not  organized  for  profit,  and  corporations  doing  solely  an  interstate 
business  and  those  corporations  enumerated  in  subdivisions  (a),  (6)  and  (c)  of 
section  fourteen  of  article  XIII  of  the  constitution  are  exempt  from  the  payment  of 
the  tax  provided  by  this  act. 

Sec.  9.  Any  corporation  claiming  exemption  from  the  payment  of  said  annual 
license  tax  must  file  with  the  secretary  of  state  at  least  sixty  days  before  such  tax 
becomes  due  and  payable  a  written  protest  in  which  it  shall  set  forth  all  facts 
and  reasons  upon  which  such  exemption  claim  is  made,  sworn  to  by  the  president 
and  secretary  or  general  manager  of  such  corporation.     Failure  to  protest  in  the 


142  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

manner  and  within  the  time  herein  prescribed  shall  constitute  a  waiver  of  all  rights 
of  exemption  from  said  tax.  Such  corporation  shall  furnish  under  oath  such  other 
proof  as  the  secretary  of  state  may  require  or  demand.  All  evidence  and  proofs 
submitted  upon  such  claim  of  exemption  shall  be  submitted  by  the  secretary  of 
state  to  the  board  of  control  and  state  controller,  and  said  officers  shall  thereupon 
determine  the  question  of  such  corporation's  claim  of  exemption.  The  determina- 
tion of  said  officers  upon  all  questions  of  fact  shall  be  final  and  conclusive ;  provided, 
however,  that  at  the  time  of  filing  a  certified  copy  of  the  articles  of  incorporation 
of  any  domestic  corporation  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  and  at  the  time  a 
foreign  corporation  files  with  the  secretary  of  state  the  document  or  documents 
required  by  section  one  of  this  act,  the  secretary  of  state  shall  determine  whether  such 
corporation  is  exempt  as  an  educational,  religious,  scientific,  or  charitable  corporation 
or  as  a  non-profit  corporation  or  as  one  of  the  corporations  enumerated  in  sub- 
divisions  (a),   (b)   and   (c)   of  section  fourteen  of  article  XIII  of  the  constitution. 

Sec.  10.  If  the  license  tax  and  penalties  for  delinquency  required  to  be  paid  by 
section  four  of  this  act  are  not  paid  within  the  time  herein  required,  the  secretary 
of  state  shall  on  the  Saturday  preceding  the  first  Monday  in  March,  and  at  six 
o'clock  p.m.  of  said  day,  enter  upon  the  record  of  corporations  in  his  office  against 
the  name  of  any  company  so  failing  to  pay  said  license  tax  and  penalty  the  words 
"charter  forfeited  to  the  state,"  if  the  corporation  be  a  domestic  corporation,  and 
thereupon  said  charter  shall  be  ipso  facto  so  forfeited,  and  the  words  "right  to  do 
intrastate  business  forfeited"  if  the  corporation  be  a  foreign  corporation,  and  there- 
upon said  right  to  do  intrastate  business  in  this  state  shall  be  ipso  facto  so  forfeited. 

Sec.  11.  On  or  before  the  first  Monday  of  April  of  each  year  the  secretary  of 
state  shall  make  a  list  of  all  domestic  corporations  whose  charters  have  been  so 
forfeited,  and  of  all  foreign  corporations  whose  right  to  do  intrastate  business  in 
this  state  has  been  so  forfeited  or  which  have  surrendered  their  right  to  do  intrastate 
business  in  this  state  as  provided  in  section  fifteen  of  this  act,  and  shall  transmit  a 
certified  copy  thereof  to  each  county  clerk  in  this  state,  who  shall  file  the  same 
in  his  office. 

Sec.  12.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  corporation,  either  domestic  or  foreign, 
which  has  not  paid  the  license  tax,  as  in  this  act  prescribed,  to  exercise  the  powers 
of  such  corporation,  or  to  transact  any  intrastate  business  in  this  state,  after  six 
o'clock  p.m.  of  the  Saturday  preceding  the  first  Monday  in  March  next  following 
the  delinquency.  Each  and  every  person  who  exercises  any  of  the  powers  of  a 
corporation  which  has  forfeited  its  charter  or  right  to  do  intrastate  business  in 
this  state,  or  who  transacts  any  business  for  or  in  behalf  of  such  corporation,  after 
such  forfeiture,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  and  not  exceeding  one 
thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  fifty  days  or 
more  than  five  hundred  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  13.  In  all  cases  of  forfeiture  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  directors 
or  managers  in  office  of  the  affairs  of  any  domestic  corporation,  whose  charter  may 
be  so  forfeited,  or  of  any  foreign  corporation  whose  right  to  do  business  in  this  state 
may  be  so  forfeited,  are  deemed  to  be  trustees  of  the  coiTporation  and  stockholders 
or  members  of  the  corporation  whose  power  or  right  to  do  business  is  forfeited  and 
have  full  power  to  settle  the  affairs  of  the  corporation  and  to  maintain  or  defend 
any  action  or  proceeding  then  pending  in  behalf  of  or  against  any  of  said  corpora- 
tions, or  to  take  such  legal  proceedings  as  may  be  necessary  to  fully  settle  the  affairs 
of  said  corporation,  and  such  directors  or  managers,  as  such  trustees,  may  be  sued 
in  any  of  the  courts  of  this  state  by  any  person  having  a  claim  against  any  of  said 
corporations;  provided,  always,  that  no  action  pending  against  any  corporation  shall 
abate  thereby,  but  may  be  prosecuted  to  final  judgment  and  may  be  enforced  by 
execution  with  the  same  force  and  effect  and  in  like  manner  as  though  no  forfeiture 
had  occurred;  aiid  provided,  further,  that  where  judgment  has  been  entered  against 
any  corporation  prior  to  forfeiture  under  this  act,  that  notwithstanding,  execution 
may  be  issued  thereon  and  the  property  of  said  corporation,  or  that  may  come  into 
the  hands  of  any  trustees  for  it  may  be  levied  upon,  seized  and  sold  to  satisfy  the 
same  with  like  force  and  effect  as  though  such  forfeiture  had  not  occurred. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  143 

Sec.  14.  Any  domestic  corporation  which  suffers  the  forfeiture  prescribed  by 
this  act,  may  pay  to  the  secretary  of  state  all  taxes  and  penalties  which  shall  have 
accrued  prior  to  such  forfeiture,  and  all  taxes  and  penalties  which  would  have 
accrued  if  such  forfeiture  had  not  occurred  ;  and  shall  file  an  application  with  the 
secretary  of  state  for  the  restoration  of  its  charter,  which  application  must  set 
forth  the  names  of  the  persons  who  became  trustees  upon  such  forfeiture,  under  the 
provisions  of  section  thirteen  of  this  act,  and  shall  be  signed  by  all  of  said  persons 
then  surviving,  and  acknowledged  by  each  of  said  persons  before  an  officer  authorized 
by  the  laws  of  this  state  to  take  acknowledgments  of  conveyances  of  real  property  ; 
whereupon  such  corporation  shall  be  restored  to  its  former  corporate  status  and  the 
secretary  of  state  shall  issue  to  such  corporation  a  license  entitling  it  to  transact 
intrastate  business  in  this  state  during  the  year  in  which  such  license  is  issued ; 
provided,  hoircver,  that  no  conwration  organized  under  the  laws  of  this  state  which 
suffers  such  forfeiture  shall  be  relieved  from  the  effect  thereof,  nor  shiU  such 
license  be  issued,  in  the  event  that  subsequent  to  the  date  of  forfeiture  its  corporate 
name,  or  a  name  <?-  closely  resembling  said  name  as  will  tend  to  deceive,  has  been 
adopted  and  is  in  use  by  another  domestic  corporation. 

Any  foreign  coriioration  which  suffers  a  forfeiture  of  its  right  to  do  intrastate 
business  in  this  state,  may  pay  to  the  secretary  of  state  all  taxes  and  penalties  which 
shall  have  accrued  prior  to  such  forfeiture,  and  ail  taxes  and  penalties  which  would 
have  accrued  if  such  forfeiture  had  not  occurred,  and  shall  file  with  the  secretary  of 
state  its  application  for  a  restoration  of  its  right  to  do  intrastate  business,  and 
copies  of  any  documents  increasing  or  decreasing  its  capital  stock,  certified  as  here- 
inbefore provided,  together  with  an  affidavit  by  its  president  or  secretary,  setting 
forth  the  amount  of  its  authorized  capital  stock  on  the  first  day  of  January  of  the 
year  in  which  said  application  is  presented,  and  the  taxes  which  would  have  accrued 
after  the  date  of  such  forfeiture  shall  be  measured  by  the  authorized  capital  stock,  as 
shown  by  such  copies  and  affidavits ;  whereupon  such  corporation  shall  be  restored 
to  its  former  corporate  status  and  the  secretary  of  state  shall  issue  to  such  corpora- 
tion a  license  entitling  it  to  do  intrastate  business  in  this  state  during  the  year  in 
which  such  license  is  issued. 

Any  domestic  corporation  which  has  heretofore  suffered  a  forfeiture  of  its  charter 
under  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  relating  to  revenue  and  taxation, 
providing  for  a  license  tax  upon  corporations  and  making  an  appropriation  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  out  the  objects  of  this  act."  approved  March  20,  1905.  or  under 
the  provisions  of  any  act  amendatory  thereof,  may  be  restored  to  its  former  cor- 
porate status,  subject  to  and  upon  complying  with  the  conditions  hereinabove 
provided  for  the  reinstatement  of  domestic  corporations  which  suffer  the  forfeiture 
prescribed  by  this  act,  and  in  addition  thereto,  upon  payment  of  the  taxes  and 
penalties  which  would  have  accrued  under  said  act  of  1905,  or  any  of  the  acts 
amendatory  thereof,  if  such  forfeiture  had  not  occurred. 

Any  foreign  corporation  which  has  suffered  a  forfeiture  of  its  right  to  do  business 
in  this  state  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  of  1905,  or  any  act  amendatory  thereof, 
may  be  relieved  from  the  effect  thereof  and  resume  an  intrastate  business  in  this 
state  upon  filing  with  the  secretary  of  state  an  affidavit  by  its  president  or  secretary, 
setting  forth  the  amount  of  its  capital  stock  at  time  of  taking  effect  of  this  act,  and 
stating  any  subsequent  changes  in  said  authorized  capital  stock,  and  the  dates  on 
which  such  changes  became  effective,  and  shall  pay  to  the  secretary  of  state  all  taxes 
and  penalties  which  would  have  accrued  under  said  act  of  1905,  or  under  any  of  the 
acts  amendatory  thereof  if  such  forfeiture  had  not  occurred,  and  the  taxes  and 
penalties  which  would  have  accrued  under  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  whereupon 
such  corporation  shall  be  restored  to  its  former  corporate  status  and  the  secretary 
of  state  shall  issue  to  such  corporation  a  license  entitling  it  to  do  intrastate  busi- 
ness in  this  state  during  the  year  for  which  the  license  is  issued.  And  the  secretary 
of  state  shall,  on  or  before  the  first  Monday  of  April  of  each  year,  make  a  list  of 
the  corporations,  both  foreign  and  domestic,  so  paying,  and  of  the  foreign  corporations 
which  have  resumed  the  transaction  of  intrastate  business  in  this  state,  as  provided 
in  section  fifteen  of  this  act,  and  shall  transmit  a  certified  copy  of  said  list  to  each 


144  MINERAL,   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

county  clerk  in  this  state,  who  shall  file  the  same  in  his  oflBce ;  provided,  the 
rehabilitation  of  any  such  corporation  by  reason  of  making  such  payments  shall  be 
without  prejudice  to  any  action,  defense,  or  right  which  accrued  by  reason  of  the 
original  forfeiture. 

Sec.  15.  Any  foreign  corporation  may  surrender  its  right  to  engage  in  intra- 
state business  in  this  state  by  filing  a  stipulation  with  the  secretary  of  state,  in 
which  it  shall  agree  that  it  will  not  transact  such  business  at  any  time  thereafter 
without  first  obtaining  from  the  secretary  of  state  a  license  authorizing  the  resump- 
tion of  such  business,  as  hereinafter  provided.  Upon  the  filing  of  such  stipulation 
and  upon  the  payment  of  any  tax  or  penalty  then  due,  said  corporation  shall  be 
exempt  from  the  payment  of  the  tax  provided  in  this  act.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  such  corporation  to  exercise  its  corporate  powers  in  transacting  any  intrastate 
business  in  this  state  after  the  filing  of  such  stipulation.  Each  and  every  person 
who  exercises  any  of  the  powers  of  such  corporation  in  the  transaction  of  intrastate 
business  or  who  transacts  any  intrastate  business  for  or  in  behalf  of  such  corporation 
after  such  filing  shall  be  subject  to  penalties  prescribed  by  section  twelve  of  this  act. 

Any  such  corporation  may  resume  the  transaction  of  intrastate  business  in  this 
state  at  any  time  thereafter  upon  filing  its  application  for  a  license  therefor  with 
the  secretary  of  state  and  an  affidavit  by  its  president  or  secretary  setting  forth  the 
amount  of  its  authorized  capital  stock,  and  copies  of  any  documents  increasing  or 
diminishing  such  capital  stock,  which  copies  shall  be  certified  as  herein  provided, 
and  upon  paying  a  tax  for  the  unexpired  portion  of  the  year  which  shall  be  measured 
by  its  authorized  capital  stock  and  which  shall  be  that  portion  of  the  license  tax 
specified  in  section  four  of  this  act  which  the  unexpired  number  of  months  of  such 
year,  including  the  month  in  which  such  license  is  issued,  bears  to  the  entire  year. 

Sec.  16.  Any  false  statement  contained  in  any  of  the  affidavits  herein  required 
shall  constitute  perjury,  and  shall  be  punishable  as  such. 

Sec.  17.  All  moneys  herein  required  to  be  paid  shall,  upon  collection  by  the 
secretary  of  state,  be  immediately  paid  by  him  into  the  state  treasury. 

Sec.  18.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  affecting  or  repealing  any 
statute  of  this  state  respecting  the  assessment  of  franchises  and  levying  of  taxes 
thereon. 

Sec.  19.  The  provisions  of  this  act  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  payment  of 
the  license  tax  provided  for  in  section  four  of  this  act  shall  take  effect  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  1916,  and  as  to  all  other  provisions  this  act  shall  take  effect  ninety 
days  after  final  adjournment  of  the  forty-first  session  of  the  legislature. 


PROTECTION  OF  STOCKHOLDERS. 

An  act  to  amend  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  protect  stockholders  and  persons  dealing 
with  corporations  In  this  state,"  approved  March  29,  1878,  and  all  acts  amendatory 
thereof,  and  to  repeal  all  laws  in  conflict  therewith. 

[Approved  March  22,  1905.] 

The   people  of    the   state   of   California,    represented   in   senate    and   assembly,    do 

enact  as   follows: 

Section  1.  Any  superintendent,  director,  secretary,  manager,  agent,  or  other 
officer,  of  any  corporation  formed  or  existing  under  the  laws  of  this  state,  or  trans- 
acting business  in  the  same,  and  any  person  pretending  or  holding  himself  out  as 
such  superintendent,  director,  secretary,  manager,  agent,  or  other  officer,  who  shall 
wilfully  subscribe,  sign,  endorse,  verify,  or  otherwise  assent  to  the  publication,  either 
generally  or  privately,  to  the  stockholders  or  other  persons  dealing  with  such  corpora- 
tion,   or   its   stock,   any   untrue   or   wilfully    and   fraudulently    exaggerated    report, 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  145 

prospectus,  account,  statement  of  operations,  values,  business,  profits,  expenditures 
or  prospects,  or  other  paper  or  document  intended  to  produce  or  give,  or  having 
a  tendency  to  produce  or  give,  to  the  shares  of  stock  in  such  corporation  a  greater 
value  or  less  apparent  or  market  value  than  they  really  possess,  or  with  the  intention 
of  defrauding  any  particular  person  or  persons,  or  the  public,  or  persons  generally, 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  felony,  and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by 
imprisonment  in  state  prison  or  a  county  jail  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  by  fine 
not  exceeding  five  thousand  dollars,  or  by  both. 

Sec.  2.     All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 

CIVIL  CODE. 

§  309  The  directors  of  corporations  must  not  make  dividends,  except  from  the 
surplus  profits  arising  from  the  business  thereof;  nor  must  they  create  any  debts 
beyond  their  subscribed  capital  stock ;  nor  must  they  divide,  withdraw  or  pay  to 
the  stockholders,  or  any  of  them,  any  part  of  the  capital  stock,  except  as  hereinafter 
provided,  nor  reduce  or  increase  the  capital  stock,  except  as  herein  specially  provided. 
For  a  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  section,  the  directors  under  whose  adminis- 
tration the  same  may  have  happened  (except  those  who  may  have  caused  their 
dissent  therefrom  to  be  entered  at  large  on  the  minutes  of  the  directors  at  the  time, 
or  were  not  present  when  the  same  did  happen)  are,  in  their  individual  or  private 
capacity,  jointly  and  severally  liable  to  the  corporation,  and  to  the  creditors  thereof, 
to  the  full  amount  of  the  capital  stock  so  divided,  withdrawn,  paid  out,  or  reduced, 
or  debt  contracted ;  and  no  statute  of  limitation  is  a  bar  to  any  suit  against  such 
directors  for  any  sums  for  which  they  are  liable  by  this  section  ;  provided,  however, 
that  where  a  corporation  has  been  heretofore  or  may  hereafter  be  formed  for  the 
purpose,  among  other  things,  of  acquiring,  holding,  and  selling  real  estate,  water, 
and  water  rights,  the  directors  of  such  corporation  may,  with  the  consent  of  stock- 
holders representing  two-thirds  of  the  capital  stock  thereof,  given  at  a  meeting 
called  for  that  purpose,  divide  among  the  stockholders  the  land,  water  or  water 
rights  so  by  such  corporation  held,  in  the  proportions  to  which  their  holdings  of  such 
stock  at  the  time  of  such  division  entitled  them.  All  conveyances  made  by  the 
corporation  in  pursuance  of  this  section  must  be  made  and  received  subject  to  the 
debts  of  such  corporation  existing  at  the  date  of  the  conveyance  thereof.  Nothing 
herein  prohibits  a  division  and  distribution  of  the  capital  stock  of  any  corporation 
which  remains  after  the  payment  of  all  its  debts,  upon  its  dissolution,  or  the 
expiration  of  its  term  of  existence. 

PENAL  CODE. 

§  5G0.  Every  director  of  any  stock  corporation  who  concurs  in  any  vote  or  act 
of  the  directors  of  such  corporation  or  any  of  them,  by  which  it  is  intended,  either — 

1.  To  make  any  dividend,  except  from  the  surplus  profits  arising  from  the  business 
of  the  corporation,  and  in  the  cases  and  manner  allowed  by  law ;  or, 

2.  To  provide,  withdraw,  or  in  any  manner,  except  as  provided  by  law,  pay  to 
the  stockholders,  or  any  of  them,  any  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  corporation ;  or, 

3.  To  discount  or  receive  any  note  or  other  evidence  of  debt  in  payment  of  any 
installment  actually  called  in  and  required  to  be  paid,  or  with  the  intent  to  provide 
the  means  of  making  such  payment ;  or, 

4.  To  receive  or  discount  any  note  or  other  evidence  of  debt,  with  the  intent  to 
enable  any  stockholder  to  withdraw  any  part  of  the  money  paid  in  by  him,  or  his 
stock ;  or, 

5.  To  receive  from  any  other  stock  corporation,  in  exchange  for  the  shares,  notes, 
bonds,  or  other  evidences  of  debt  of  their  own  corporation,  shares  of  the  capital 
stock  of  such  other  corporations,  or  notes,  bonds,  or  other  evidence  of  debt  issued  by 
such  other  corporation — is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 


146  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


THE  RIGHT  OF  EMINENT  DOMAIN. 

An  act  to  amend  section  twelve  hundred  and  thirty-eight  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, relatirg  to  the  purposes  for  which  the  right  of  eminent  domain  may  be 
exercised,  and  repealing  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  this  act. 

[Approved  April  28,   1911.] 

Section  1.  Section  twelve  hundred  and  thirty-eight  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

§  12oS.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  title,  the  right  of  eminent  domain  may 
be  exercised  in  behalf  of  the  following  public  uses : 

4.  Wharves,  docks,  piers,  chutes,  booms,  ferries,  bridges,  toll  roads,  by-roads, 
plank,  and  turnpike  roads ;  paths  and  roads  either  on  the  surface,  elevated,  or 
depressed,  for  the  use  of  bicycles,  tricycles,  motor  cycles  and  other  horseless  vehicles, 
steam,  electric,  and  horse  railroads,  canals,  ditches,  dams,  poundings,  flumes,  aque- 
ducts and  pipes  for  irrigation,  public  transportation,  supplying  mines  and  farming 
neighborhoods  with  water,  and  draining  and  reclaiming  lands,  and  for  floating  logs 
and  lumber  on  streams  not  navigable. 

5.  Roads,  tunnels,  ditches,  flumes,  pipes  and  dumping  places  for  working  mines; 
also  outlets,  natural  or  otherwise,  for  the  flow,  deposit,  or  conduct  of  tailings  or 
refuse  matter  from  mines;  also  an  occupancy  in  common  by  the  owners  or  possessors 
of  different  mines  of  any  place  for  the  flow,  deposit,  or  conduct  of  tailings  or  refuse 
matter  from  their  several  mines. 

6.  By-roads  leading  from  highways  to  residences,  farms,  mines,  mills,  factories 
and  buildings  for  operating  machinery,  or  necessary  to  reach  any  property  used  for 
public  purposes. 

7.  Telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  systems  and  plants. 

9.  Roads  for  transportation  by  traction  engines  or  road  locomotives. 

10.  Oil  pipe  lines. 

11.  Roads  and  flumes  for  logging  or  lumbering  purposes. 

12.  Canals,  reservoirs,  dams,  ditches,  flumes,  aqueducts  and  pipes  and  outlets 
natural  or  otherwise  for  supplying,  storing  and  discharging  water  for  the  operation 
of  machinery  for  the  purpose  of  generating  and  transmitting  electricity  for  the  supply 
of  mines,  quarries,  railroads,  tramways,  mills,  and  factories  with  electric  power ;  and 
also  for  the  applying  of  electricity  to  light  or  heat  mines,  quarries,  mills,  factories, 
incorporated  cities  and  counties,  villages  or  towns ;  and  also  for  furnishing  electricity 
for  lighting,  heating  or  power  purposes  to  individuals  or  corporations,  together  with 
lands,  buildings  and  all  other  improvements  in  or  upon  which  to  erect,  install,  place, 
use  or  operate  machinery  for  the  purpose  of  generating  and  transmitting  electricity 
for  any  of  the  purposes  or  uses  above  set  forth. 

Sec.  2.     All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  with  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 
Sec.  3.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

An  act  to  amend  section   1239  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  relating  to  proceedings 

to  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain. 

[Approved   April   5,    1911.] 

Section  1.  Section  1239  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  of  the  state  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

§  1239.  The  following  is  a  classification  of  the  estates  and  rights  in  lands  sub- 
ject to  be  taken  for  public  use : 

1.  A   fee  simple,  when   taken  for  public  buildings  or  grounds,   or  for  permanent 

buildings,   for  reservoirs  and  dams,  and  permanent  flooding  occasioned  thereby,   or 

for  an  outlet  for  a  flow,  or  a  place  for  the  deposit  of  debris  or  tailings  of  a  mine. 
*     *     * 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  147 

USE  OF  CALIFORNIA  MATERIALS   IN   CALIFORNIA  PUBLIC 

BUILDINGS. 

Section  3247  of  the  Political  Code. 

"Any  person,  committee,  board,  officer,  or  any  other  person  charged  with  che  pur- 
chase, or  permitted  or  authorized  to  purchase,  supplies,  goods,  wares,  merchandise, 
manufactures,  or  produce,  for  the  use  of  the  state,  or  any  of  its  institutions  or  offices, 
or  for  the  use  of  any  county  or  consolidated  city  and  county,  or  city,  or  town,  shall 
always,  price,  fitness  and  quality  being  equal,  prefer  such  supplies,  goods,  wares, 
merchandise,  manufactures,  or  produce  as  has  been  grown,  manufactured  or  pro- 
duced in  this  state,  and  shall  next  prefer  such  as  have  been  partially  so  manufac- 
tured, grown  or  produced  in  this  state.  All  state,  county,  city  and  county,  city  or 
town  officers,  all  boards,  commissions,  or  other  persons  chargrd  with  advertising  for 
any  such  supplies,  shall  state  in  their  advertisement  that  snch  preferences  will  be 
made.  In  any  such  advertisement  no  bid  shall  be  asked  for  any  article  of  a  specific 
brand  or  mark  nor  any  patent  apparatus  or  appliances,  when  such  requirement  would 
prevent  proper  competition  on  the  part  of  dealers  in  other  articles  of  equal  value, 
utility  or  merit." 


LANDS  UNCOVERED  BY  RECESSION  OF  WATER. 

An  act  to  amend  section   3493m  of  tlie  Political  Code,  relating  to  land  uncovered  by 
the  recession  or  drainage  of  the  waters  of  inland   lakes. 

[Approved  April   14,   1911.] 

The  people   of   the   state   of   California,   represented   in   senate   and   assembly,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Section  S49Sni  of  the  Political  Code  is  hereby  amended  to  read  as 
follows : 

Section  3493m.  Any  person  desiring  to  purchase  any  of  the  lands  now  uncovered 
or  which  may  hereafter  be  uncovered  by  the  recession  or  drainage  of  the  waters  of 
inland  lakes,  and  inuring  to  the  state  by  virtue  of  her  sovereignty,  or  the  swamp 
and  overflowed  lands  not  segregated  by  the  United  States,  must  make  an  application 
therefor  to  the  surveyor  general  of  the  state,  which  application  must  be  accompanied 
by  the  applicant's  affidavit  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  has  declared 
his  intention  to  become  such,  a  resident  of  this  state,  of  lawful  age,  that  he  desires 
to  purchase  such  lands  (describing  them  by  legal  subdivisions,  or  by  metes  and 
bounds,  if  the  legal  subdivisions  are  unknown),  under  the  provisions  of  this  article, 
for  his  own  use  and  benefit,  and  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  no  other  person  whomso- 
ever, and  that  he  has  made  no  contract  or  agreement  to  sell  the  same,  and  that  he 
does  not  own  any  state  lands  which,  together  with  that  now  sought  to  be  purchased, 
exceeds  six  hundred  and  forty  acres. 

The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  affect  or  apply  to  any  land  uncovered  by 
the  recession  or  drainage  of  the  waters  of  any  lake  or  other  body  of  water,  the  waters 
of  which  are  so  impregnated  with  minerals  as  to  be  valuable  for  the  purpose  of 
extracting  therefrom  such  minerals ;  but  the  land  uncorered  by  the  recession  or  drain- 
age of  such  waters  shall  be  subject  to  lease  for  periods  of  not  longer  than  twenty- 
five  years  upon  such  charges,  terms  and  conditions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.     All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  3.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


148  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


EXTRACTION  OF  MINERALS  FROM  WATER. 

An  act  regulating  the  extraction  of  minerals  from  the  waters  of  any  stream  or  lake 
and  prohibiting  the  extraction  of  minerals  from  said  waters  except  under  lease 
from  or  express  permission  of  the  state  for  a  period  not  exceeding  twenty-five 
years. 

[Approved  April   14,    1911.] 

The   people    of    the   state    of    California,    represented   in    senate   and    assembly,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Minerals  contained  in  the  waters  of  any  stream  or  lake  in  this  state 
shall  not  be  extracted  from  said  waters  except  upon  charges,  terms  and  conditions 
prescribed  by  law.  No  person,  firm,  corporation  or  association  shall  hereafter  gain 
the  right  to  extract  or  cause  to  be  extracted  said  minerals  from  said  waters  by  user, 
custom,  prescription,  appropriation,  littoral  rights,  riparian  rights,  or  in  any  manner 
other  than  by  lease  from  or  express  permission  of  the  state  as  prescribed  by  law ; 
and  no  such  lease  or  permission  shall  be  granted  for  a  longer  period  than  twenty- 
five  years. 

Sec.  2.     All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  3.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


MINERAL    LANDS    WITHIN    MEANDER    LINES    OF    LAKES    AND 

STREAMS. 

An  act  relating  to  lakes  and  streams,  the  waters  of  which  contain  minerals  in  com- 
mercial quantities;  withdrawing  state  lands  within  the  meander  lines  thereof 
from  sale;  prescribing  conditions  for  taking  such  minerals  from  said  waters  and 
lands,  and  providing  for  the  leasing  of  lands  uncovered  by  the  recession  of  the 
waters  of  such  lakes  and  streams. 

[Approved  April   27,    1911.] 
The   people    of   the   state   of    California,    represented   in    senate    and    asscnihhj,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  There  is  hereby  withdrawn  from  selection  and  sale  all  of  the  lands 
embraced  within  the  original  meander  lines  of  streams  and  lakes  belonging  to  the 
state,  the  waters  of  which  contain  minerals  in  commercial  quantities,  and  all  such 
lands  which  may  hereafter  inure  to  the  state  by  virtue  of  its  sovereignty,  excepting 
such  lands  now  contracted  to  be  sold  under  sections  3493m  to  3493#,  both  inclusive, 
of  the  Political  Code. 

Sec.  2.  No  person,  firm  or  corporation  shall  take  water  from  such  streams  or 
lakes  containing  minerals  and  extract  from  such  water  such  minerals,  except  under 
the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  act ;  and  no  person,  firm  or  corporation  may  lease 
any  land  herein  referred  to  and  extract  therefrom  minerals  deposited  therein  or 
thereon,  except  under  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  3.  Every  person,  firm  or  corporation  taking  from  the  waters  of  such  streams, 
lakes  or  lands  any  minerals,  shall  file,  on  or  before  the  last  Monday  in  January  of 
each  year,  with  the  county  assessor  of  the  county  in  which  any  such  stream  or  lake 
is  situated,  and  also  with  the  state  controller,  a  written  statement,  duly  verified, 
showing  in  tons  of  two  thousand  pounds,  the  amount  of  mineral  taken  by  such  person, 
firm  or  corporation  from  such  water  or  land  during  the  year  ending  December  31st 
last  preceding,  and  sold  by  said  person,  firm  or  corporation  during  the  said  j-ear  pre- 
ceding. Any  such  person,  firm  or  corporation  neglecting  or  refusing  to  furnish  such 
statement  shall  be  subject  to  a  fine  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  each  day  after  the 
said  last  Monday  in  January  such  person,  firm  or  corporation,  shall  fail  to  furnish 
such  statement,  and,  in  addition  to  said  fine,  shall  forfeit  all  leases  granting  the  right 
to  extract  such  minerals  from  said  water  and  said  land.     Any  person  who  shall, 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  149 

either  on  behalf  of  himself  or  any  firm  or  corporation,  verify  any  such  statement 
which  shall  be  untrue  in  any  material  part,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  4.     In  case  either  the  assessor  or  the  state  controller  shall  not  be  satisfie 
with  the  statement  as  returned,  he  may  make  an  examination  of  the  matters  neces, 
sary  to  verify  or  correct  said  statement,  and,  for  that  purpose,  may  subpa-na  wit* 
nesses  and  call  for  and  compel  the  production  of  necessary  books  and  papers  belong- 
ing to  the  person,  firm  or  corporation  making  the  returns. 

Sec.  5.  The  county  assessor  of  the  county  shall,  after  examination  and  approval 
by  him  and  the  state  controller  of  such  statement,  proceed  to  collect  from  such  per- 
sou,  firm  or  corporation  a  royalty  of  twenty-five  cents  for  each  ton  of  two  thousand 
pounds  of  mineral  taken  from  such  water  or  land  by  such  person,  firm  or  corporation 
and  sold,  during  the  preceding  year,  in  the  manner  provided  for  the  collection  of 
personal  property  taxes ;  provided,  that  the  royalty  on  sodium  bicarbonate  and  on 
sodium  hydrate  so  taken  shall  be  fifty  (50)  cents  for  each  ton  of  two  thousand 
pounds. 

Sec.  G.  Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  desiring  to  lease  any  lands  under  this 
act  must  make  application  therefor  to  the  surveyor  general  of  the  state,  describing 
the  lands  sought  to  be  leased  by  legal  subdivisions,  or  if  the  legal  subdivisions  are 
unknown  to  the  applicant  by  metes  and  bounds.  The  application  must  be  accom- 
panied by  a  filing  fee  of  ten  dollars. 

Sec.  7.  Upon  the  receipt  of  such  application,  the  surveyor  general  shall  direct 
the  county  surveyor  of  the  county  in  which  such  lands  are  situated  to  survey  the 
land  sought  to  be  leased.  The  county  surveyor  shall  make  an  actual  survey  of  the 
land,  at  the  expense  of  the  applicant,  establishing  the  four  corners  to  each  quarter 
section,  and  connecting  the  same  with  a  United  States  survey  ;  and,  within  thirty 
days  file  with  the  surveyor  general  a  copy,  under  oath,  of  his  field  notes  and  plat. 
If  the  county  surveyor  fails  to  make  the  survey  as  herein  provided,  the  surveyor 
general  shall  immediately  direct  another  person  to  make  the  survey  at  the  expense 
of  the  applicant,  and  said  survey  shall  be  made  and  completed  within  thirty  days 
after  the  authorization,  and  the  field  notes  and  plats,  or  copies  thereof,  shall  be 
sworn  to  by  the  surveyor  making  them  and  shall  be  filed  with  the  surveyor  general. 

Sec.  8.  All  applications  to  lease  land  under  this  act  shall  be  approved  or  rejected 
by  the  surveyor  general  within  ninety  days  after  the  receipt  thereof.  Immediately 
after  the  approval  of  the  application,  the  surveyor  general  shall  execute  and  deliver 
to  the  applicant  a  lease  of  the  lands  described  in  the  application. 

Sf:c.  J).  The  lands  designated  in  this  act  shall  be  leased  at  the  rate  of  two  dol- 
lars and  fifty  cents  per  acre,  per  year,  payable  yearly  in  advance.  All  moneys 
received  as  rental  for  such  lands  and  as  royalty  upon  the  mineral  product  of  the 
waters  of  the  lakes,  streams  or  lands  above  mentioned,  shall  be  paid  into  the  state 
school  land  fund. 

Sec.  10.  Whenever  any  lease  is  delivered  to  the  applicant  by  the  surveyor  gen- 
eral, the  lessee  shall  within  fifteen  days  thereafter,  present  said  lease  to  the  treasurer 
of  the  state  of  California,  and  make  payment  of  the  first  annual  rental.  The  treas- 
urer shall  receive  the  money  and  give  a  receipt  therefor.  All  subsequent  annual 
payments  of  rental  must  be  paid  to  the  state  treasurer,  in  like  manner,  within  fifteen 
days  after  they  become  due.  In  case  payments  are  not  made  as  herein  provided,  the 
lease  and  all  rights  thereunder  shall  cease  and  terminate.  No  lease  shall  run  for 
more  than  twenty-five  years ;  provided,  that  upon  the  expiration  of  any  lease,  such 
lease  may  be  extended  for  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  upon  such  terms  and  con- 
ditions as  may  then  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  All  leases  made  under  the  authority  of  this  act  shall  contain  a  reser- 
vation to  the  state  of  a  right  to  locate  rights  of  way  across  such  leased  lands,  subject 
only  to  the  requirements  that  the  rights  of  way  shall  be  located  in  such  manner  as 
to  cause  the  least  injury  to  the  leased  lands  across  which  the  same  may  be  located, 
and  that  any  damage  suffered  by  the  lessee  of  such  lands  shall  be  compensated  by 
the  lessee  of  the  lands  for  whose  benefit  the  right  of  way  is  required ;  and  every  such 
lease  shall  he  subject  to,  and  shall  contain  a  reservation  of,  the  right  of  any  city 
and  county  or  incorporated  city  or  town  of  this  state  to  at  any  time  appropriate 


150  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

and  take,  under  the  laws  of  this  state  relative  to  the  appropriation  of  waters,  water 
from  any  stream  or  lake  tributary  to  or  discharging  into  any  stream  or  lake  of  the 
character  mentioned  in  section  one  of  this  act,  for  any  use  or  uses  within  the  author- 
ized powers  of  such  city  and  county,  or  incorporated  city  or  town. 

Sec.  12.  Leases  of  rights  of  way,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  feet  in  width,  for 
access  to  any  water  or  lands  designated  by  this  act,  may  be  applied  for  and  granted 
in  the  manner  herein  provided  for  leasing  lands.  Such  rights  of  way  shall  be  leased 
at  an  annual  rental  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  an  acre,  and  the  same  shall  be 
paid  as  herein  provided  for  leased  lands. 

Sec.  13.  All  leases  of  mineral  lands  provided  for  by  this  act  shall  cease  and  ter- 
minate on  December  31st  of  any  year  if  the  lessee  or  assigns  has  not,  during  the 
year  preceding,  extracted  or  removed  from  such  land  and  water  an  amount  of  min- 
eral equal,  in  the  aggregate,  to  a  minimum  of  five  tons  per  acre  of  land  leased ; 
provided,  that  when  a  lease  is  not  delivered  to  the  lessee  until  after  the  fifteenth  day 
of  January  of  any  year,  the  minimum  tonnage  for  such  year  shall  be  less  than  five 
(5)  tons,  and  shall  be  proportional  to  the  number  of  days  remaining  in  such  year 
after  the  completion  of  the  works. 

Sec.  14.  The  surveyor  general  is  hereby  authorized  to  prepare,  make,  execute 
and  deliver  all  papers,  instruments  and  documents,  and  to  do  any  and  all  things 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  15.  The  legislature  shall  have  the  right  to  change,  from  time  to  time,  the 
royalty  per  ton  of  minerals  extracted  and  the  annual  rental  per  acre  of  land,  and 
such  change  shall  apply  to  all  persons,  firms  or  corporations  holding  leases  herein- 
under;  provided,  that  no  lease  given  under  this  act  shall  be  subject  to  any  change, 
as  to  the  royalty  or  rental  provided  for  in  said  lease,  subsequent  to  the  execution 
of  such  lease  until  after  ten  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act. 

Sec.  16.  Any  lessee  hereinunder  may  abandon  and  surrender  a  lease  at  the  expira- 
tion of  any  calendar  year  by  filing  Avith  the  county  assessor  of  the  county  in 
which  is  situated  the  lands  described  in  said  lease,  and  with  the  surveyor  general 
and  the  state  controller,  notices  of  said  abandonment  or  surrender ;  but  said  notices 
must  be  filed  at  least  sixty  days  before  the  expiration  of  said  calendar  year ;  and 
said  abandonment  and  surrender  shall  not  absolve  the  said  lessee  from  the  payment 
of  any  royalty  which  may  be  due  at  the  end  of  said  fiscal  year,  for  minerals  extracted 
from  the  waters  or  lands  in  this  act  specified. 

Sec.  17.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

HYDRAULIC  MINING. 

Where  hydraulic  mining  can  be  carried  on. 

§  1424.  The  business  of  hydraulic  mining  may  be  carried  on  within  the  state  of 
California  wherever  and  whenever  the  same  can  be  carried  on  without  material 
injury  to  the  navigable  streams,  or  the  lands  adjacent  thereto. 

IVIeaning  of  hydraulic  mining. 

§  1425.  Hydraulic  mining,  within  the  meaning  of  this  title,  is  mining  by  the 
means  of  the  application  of  water,  under  pressure,  through  a  nozzle,  against  a  natural 
bank. 

(For  Federal  regulations  on  hydraulic  mining,  see  pp.  159-165.) 


MINER'S  INCH  DEFINED. 

An  act  fixing  and  defining  a  miner's  inch  of  water. 

[Approved  March  23,  1901.] 

The    people    of    the   state    of    California,    represented   in    senate    and    assemhly,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  The  standard  miner's  inch  of  water  shall  be  equivalent  or  equal  to 
one  and  one-half  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute,  measured  through  any  aperture  or 
orifice. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  151 

Sec.  2.  All  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  are 
hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  3.     This  act  siiall  be  in  cfloot  and  force  sixty  days  from  and  after  its  passage. 

LARCENY  OF  GOLD-DUST  AND  AMALGAM. 

An    act    supplementary    to    an    act    entitled    "An    act    concerning    crimes    and    punish- 
ments,"   passed    April    16,    1850. 

[Approved  March  20,   1872  ;   1871-2,   435.] 

Section  1.  Every  person  who  shall  feloniously  steal,  take  and  carry  away,  or 
attempt  to  take,  steal,  and  carry  from  any  mining  claim,  tunnel,  sluice,  under-current, 
rifflp  1  .  X,  or  sulphurate  (sulphurct)  machine  any  gold-dust,  amalgam,  or  quick- 
F"n-r.  the  property  of  another,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  grand  larceny,  and  upon 
conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  in  the  state  prison  for  any 
term  of  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  fourteen  years. 

Sec.  2.     This  act  shall  be  in  foi-ce  from  and  after  its  passage. 


REGULATION  OF  HOURS  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

An  act  regulating  the  hours  of  employment  in  underground  mines,  underground 
workings,  whether  for  the  purpose  of  tunneling,  making  excavations,  or  to 
accomplish    any    other    purpose    or    design,    or    in    smelting    and    reduction    works. 

[Approved  May  30,  1913.] 

The  people  of  the  state  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  That  the  period  of  employment  for  all  persons  who  are  employed  or 
engaged  in  work  in  underground  mines  in  search  of  minerals,  whether  base  or 
precious,  or  who  are  engaged  in  such  underground  mines  for  other  purposes,  or  who 
are  employed  or  engaged  in  any  other  underground  workings  whether  for  the  purpose 
of  tunneling,  making  excavations  or  to  accomplish  any  other  purpose  or  design,  or 
who  are  employed  in  smelters  and  other  institutions  for  the  reduction  or  refining  of 
ores  or  metals,  shall  not  exceed  eight  hours  within  any  twenty-four  hours,  and  the 
hours  of  employment  in  such  employment  or  work  day  shall  be  consecutive,  excluding, 
however,  any  intermission  of  time  for  lunch  or  meals ;  provided,  that  in  case  of 
emergency  where  life  or  property  is  in  imminent  danger,  the  period  may  be  a  longer 
time  during  the  continuance  of  the  exigency  or  emergency. 

Sec.  2.  Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  provision  of  this  act,  and  any  person 
who  as  foreman,  manager,  director  or  officer  of  a  corporation,  or  as  the  employer 
or  superior  officer  of  any  person,  shall  command,  persuade  or  allow  any  person  to 
violate  any  provision  of  this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  upon  con- 
viction shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  fifty  dollars  ($50.00)  nor  more 
than  three  hundred  dollars  ($300.00)  or  by  imprisonment  of  not  more  than  three 
months.  And  the  court  shall  have  discretion  to  impose  both  fine  and  imprisonment 
as  herein  provided. 

Sec.  3.     All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 


PROVIDING  FOR  MINE  EXITS. 

An   act  requiring  compensation  for  causing  death  by  wrongful  act,  neglect  or  default. 

[Approved   April  26,    1862.] 

Section  1.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  corporation,  association,  owner  or 
owners  of  any  quartz  mining  claim  within  the  state  of  California,  where  such 
corporation,  association,  owner  or  owners  employ  twelve  men  daily,  to  sink  down 
into  such  mine   or  mines  any  perpendicular  shaft  or  incline  beyond  a  depth  from 


152  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

the  surface  of  three  hundred  feet  without  providing  a  second  mode  of  egress  from 
such  mine,  by  shaft  or  tunnel,  to  connect  with  the  main  shaft  at  a  depth  of  not  less 
than  one  hundred  feet  from  the  surface. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  corporation,  association,  owner  or  owners  of 
any  quartz  mine  or  mines  in  this  state,  where  it  becomes  necessary  to  work  such 
mines  beyond  the  depth  of  three  hundred  feet,  and  where  the  number  of  men 
employed  therein  daily  shall  be  twelve  or  more,  to  proceed  to  sink  another  shaft  or 
construct  a  tunnel  so  as  to  connect  with  the  main  working  shaft  of  such  mine  as  a 
mode  of  escape  from  underground  accident  or  otherwise.  And  all  corporations, 
associations,  owner  or  owners  of  mines,  as  aforesaid,  working  at  a  greater  depth 
than  three  hundred  feet,  not  having  any  other  mode  of  egress  than  from  the  main 
shaft,  shall  proceed  as  herein  provided. 

Sec.  3.  When  any  corporation,  association,  owner  or  owners  of  any  quartz  mine 
in  this  state  shall  fail  to  provide  for  the  proper  egress,  as  herein  contemplated,  and 
where  any  accident  shall  occur,  or  any  miner  working  therein  shall  be  hurt  or  injured, 
and  from  injury  might  have  escaped  if  the  second  mode  of  egress  had  existed,  such 
corporation,  association,  owner  or  owners  of  the  mine  where  the  injuries  shall  have 
occurred  shall  be  liable  to  the  person  injured  in  all  damages  that  may  accrue  by 
reason  thereof ;  and  an  action  at  law  in  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  may  be 
maintained  against  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  mine,  which  owners  shall  be 
jointly  or  severally  liable  for  such  damages.  And  where  death  shall  ensue  from 
injuries  received  from  any  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  owners  thereof,  by  reason 
of  their  failure  to  comply  with  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  heirs  or 
relatives  surviving  the  deceased  may  commence  an  action  for  the  recovery  of  such 
damages. 

Sec.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  six  months  from  and  after 
its  passage. 

TELEPHONE  SYSTEM  IN  MINES. 

An    act   providing  for  the  establishment  and   maintenance  of  a  telephone  system   In 
mines    and    prescribing    a    penalty    for   the    violation    thereof. 

[Approved  June  13,   1913.] 
The  people  of  the  state  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  In  all  mines  operated  and  worked  in  this  state  where  a  depth  of 
more  than  five  hundred  feet  underground  has  been  reached  a  telephone  system 
must  be  established,  equipped  and  maintained  by  the  owners  or  lessees  thereof  with 
stations  at  each  working  level  below  the  depth  aforesaid,  communicating  with  a 
station  thereof  on  the  surface  of  any  such  mine. 

Sec.  2.  The  failure  or  refusal  of  any  owner  or  lessee  to  install  or  maintain  such 
telephone  system  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  misdemeanor  and  punished  accordingly. 


FENCING  ABANDONED  SHAFTS. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  covering  or  fencing  of  abandoned  mining  shafts,  pits  or 
excavations,  the  penalty,  and  also  the  penalty  for  removing  or  destroying  the 
covering   or  fencing   from   the   same. 

[Approved  March  20,  1903.] 

The   people   of   the   state   of   California,   represented   in   senate   and   assembly,    do 

enact  as  follows: 

Section  1.  All  abandoned  mining  shafts,  pits  or  abandoned  excavations  danger- 
ous to  passers-by  or  live  stock  shall  be  securely  covered  or  fenced,  and  kept  so,  by 
the  owners  of  the  land  or  persons  in  charge  of  the  same,  on  which  such  shafts,  pits 
or  other  excavations  are  located.  Any  person  or  persons  failing  to  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  153 

Sec.  2.  All  abandoned  mining  shafts,  pits  or  other  excavations  situated  on 
unoccupied  public  lands  may  be  securely  covered  or  fenced  by  order  of  the  board  of 
supervisors  of  the  county  wherein  the  same  is  situated,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  board  of  supervisors  to  keep  the  same  securely  fenced  or  covered  whenever  it 
appears  to  them,  by  proof  submitted,  that  the  same  is  dangerous  or  unsafe  to  man 
or  beast.     The  cost  of  said  covering  or  fencing  to  be  a  county  charge. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person  or  persons  maliciously  removing  or  destroying  any  covering 
or  fencing  placed  around  or  over  any  shaft,  pit  or  other  excavation,  as  hereinbefore 
provided,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  4.     This  act  shall  take  effect  six  months  from  the  day  of  passage. 


CALIFORNIA  MINE  BELL  SIGNALS. 

An    act    to    establish    a    uniform    system    of    mine    bell    signals,   to    be    used    In    all    the 
mines  operated  In  the  state  of  California,  and  for  the  protection  of  miners. 

[Approved  March  8,  1893.] 

Section  1.  Every  person,  company,  corporation,  or  individual,  operating  any 
mine  within  the  state  of  California — gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  coal,  or  any  other 
metal  or  substance — where  it  is  necessary  to  use  signals  by  means  of  bell  or  other- 
wise, for  shafts,  inclines,  drifts,  crosscuts,  tunnels,  and  underground  workings,  shall, 
after  the  passage  of  this  bill,  adopt,  use,  and  put  in  force  the  following  sj'stem  or 
code  of  mine  bell  signals,  as  follows : 

1  bell,  to  hoist.     (See  Rule  2.) 

1  bell,  to  stop  if  in  motion. 

2  bells,  to  lower.     (See  Rule  2.) 

3  bells,  man  to  be  hoisted;  run  slow.     (See  Rule  2.) 

4  bells,  start  pump  if  not  running,  or  stop  pump  if  running. 
1 — 3  bells,  start  or  stop  air  compressor. 

5  bells,  send  down  tools.     (See  Rule  4.) 

6  bells,  send  down  timbers.     (See  Rule  4.) 

7  bells,  accident ;  move  bucket  or  cage  by  verbal  orders  only. 
1 — 4  bells,  foreman  wanted. 

2 — 1 — 1  bells,  done  hoisting  until  called. 

2 — 1 — 2  bells,  done  hoisting  for  the  day. 

2 — 2 — 2  bells,  change  buckets  from  ore  to  water,  or  vice  versa. 

3 — 2 — 1  bells,  ready  to  shoot  in  the  shaft.     (See  Rule  3.) 

Engineer's  signal,  that  he  is  ready  to  hoist,  is  to  raise  the  bucket  or  cage  two 
feet  and  lower  it  again.     (See  Rule  3.) 

Levels  shall  be  designated  and  inserted  in  notice  hereinafter  mentioned.  (See 
Rule  5.) 

Sec.  2.  For  the  purpose  of  enforcing  and  properly  understanding  the  above  code 
of  signals,  the  following  rules  are  hereby  established : 

Rule  1 — In  giving  signals  make  strokes  on  bell  at  regular  intervals.  The  bar 
( — )  must  take  the  same  time  as  for  one  stroke  of  the  bell,  and  no  more.  If  timber, 
tools,  the  foreman,  bucket  or  cage  are  wanted  to  stop  at  any  level  in  the  mine,  signal 
by  number  of  strokes  on  the  bell,  number  of  the  level  first  before  giving  the  signal 
for  timber,  tools,  etc.     Time  between  signals  to  be  double  bars  ( ).     Example: 

6 5  would  mean  stop  at  sixth  level  with  tools. 

4 1 — 1 — 1 1,  would  mean  to  stop  at  fourth  level,  man  on,  hoist. 

2 1 — 4  would  mean  stop  at  second  level  with  foreman. 

Rule  2 — No  person  must  get  off  or  on  the  bucket  or  cage,  while  the  same  is  in 
motion.  When  men  are  to  be  hoisted  give  the  signal  for  men.  Men  must  then  get 
on  bucket  or  cage,  then  give  the  signal  to  hoist.  Bell  cord  must  be  in  reach  of  man 
on  the  bucket  or  cage  at  stations. 

Rule  3 — After  signal  "Ready  to  shoot  in  shaft,"  engineer  must  give  his  signal 
when  he  is  ready  to  hoist.  Miners  must  then  give  the  signal  of  "Men  to  be  hoisted,*' 
then  "spit  fuse,"  get  into  the  bucket,  and  give  the  signal  to  hoist. 


154  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Rule  .'t — All  timbers,  tools,  etc.,  "longer  than  the  depth  of  the  bucket,"  to  be 
hoisted  or  lowered,  must  be  securely  lashed  at  the  upper  end  to  the  cable.  Miners 
must  know  they  will  ride  up  or  down  the  shaft  without  catching  on  rocks  or  timbers 
and  be  thrown  out. 

Rule  5 — The  foreman  will  see  that  one  printed  sheet  of  these  signals  and  rules 
for  each  level  and  one  for  the  engine-room  are  attached  to  a  board  not  less  than 
twelve  inches  wide  by  thirty-six  inches  long,  and  securely  fasten  the  board  up  where 
signals  can  be  easily  read  at  the  places  above  stated. 

Rule  6 — The  above  signals  and  rules  must  be  obeyed.  Any  violation  will  be 
sufficient  grounds  for  discharging  the  party  or  parties  so  doing.  No  person,  company, 
corporation,  or  individual  operating  any  mine  within  the  state  of  California,  shall 
be  responsible  for  accidents  that  may  happen  to  men  disobeying  the  above  rules  and 
signals.  Said  notice  and  rules  shall  be  signed  by  the  person  or  superintendent  having 
charge  of  the  mine,  who  shall  designate  the  name  of  the  corporation  or  the  owner 
of  the  mine. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person  or  company  failing  to  carry  out  any  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  be  responsible  for  all  damages  arising  to  or  incurred  by  any  person 
working  in  said  mine  during  the  time  of  such  failure. 

Sec.  4.     This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 


MINING  LAW  APPENDIX.  155 

FEDERAL  STATUTES. 

Title  XXXII,  Chapter  6,  Revised  Statutes. 

Sec.  2319.  All  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  lands  belonging  to  the  United  States, 
both  surveyed  and  unsurveyed.  are  hereby  declared  to  be  free  and  open  to  exploration 
and  purchase,  and  the  lands  in  which  they  are  found  to  occupation  and  purchase,  by 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  those  who  have  declared  their  intention  to  become 
such,  under  regulations  prescribed  by  law,  and  according  to  the  local  customs  or 
rules  of  miners  in  the  several  mining  districts,  so  far  as  the  same  are  applicable  and 
not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Lode  Claims. 

Sec.  2320.  Mining  claims  upon  veins  or  lodes  of  quartz  or  other  rock  in  place 
bearing  gold,  silver,  cinnabar,  lead,  tin,  copper,  or  other  valuable  deposits,  heretofore 
located,  shall  be  governed  as  to  length  along  the  vein  or  lode  by  the  customs,  regula- 
tions, and  laws  in  force  at  the  date  of  their  location.  A  mining  claim  located  after 
the  tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  whether  located  by  one  or 
more  persons,  may  equal,  but  shall  not  exceed,  one  thousand  five  hundred  feet  in 
length  along  the  vein  or  lode ;  but  no  location  of  a  mining  claim  shall  be  made  until 
the  discovery  of  the  vein  or  lode  within  the  limits  of  the  claim  located.  No  claim 
shall  extend  more  than  three  hundred  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at 
the  surface,  nor  shall  any  claim  be  limited  by  any  mining  regulation  to  less  than 
twenty-five  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  at  the  surface,  except  where 
adverse  rights  existing  on  the  tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two, 
render  such  limitation  necessary.  The  end  lines  of  each  claim  shall  be  parallel  to 
each  other. 

Citizenship. 

Sec.  2321.  Proof  of  citizenship,  under  this  chapter,  may  consist  in  the  case  of  an 
individual,  of  his  own  aflSdavit  thereof ;  in  the  case  of  an  association  of  persons 
unincorporated,  of  the  affidavit  of  their  authorized  agent,  made  on  his  own  knowledge, 
or  upon  information  and  belief;  and  in  the  case  of  a  corporation  organized  under  the 
laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  state  or  territory  thereof,  by  the  filing  of  a  cer- 
tified copy  of  their  charter  or  certificate  of  incorporation. 

This  is  supplemented  by  an  act  of  April  2G,  1882,  which  provides: 
"That  applicants  for  mineral  patents,  if  residing  beyond  the  limits  of  the  district 
wherein  the  claim  is  situated,  may  make  any  oath  or  affidavit  required  for  proof  of 
citizenship  before  the  clerk  of  any  court  of  record,  or  before  any  notary  public  of  any 
state  or  territory."     (22  Stats,  at  Large,  p.  49,  chap.  106.) 

Extra-lateral   Rights. 

Sec.  2322.  The  locators  of  all  mining  locations  heretofore  made  or  which  shall 
hereafter  be  made,  on  any  mineral  vein,  lode,  or  ledge,  situated  on  the  public  domain, 
their  heirs  and  assigns,  where  no  adverse  claims  exist  on  the  tenth  day  of  May, 
eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  so  long  as  they  comply  with  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  with  state,  territorial  and  local  regulations  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws 
of  the  United  States  governing  their  possessory  title,  shall  have  the  exclusive  right 
of  possession  and  enjoyment  of  all  the  surface  included  within  the  lines  of  their  loca- 
tions, and  of  all  veins,  lodes  and  ledges  throughout  their  entire  depth,  the  top  or  apex 
of  which  lies  inside  of  such  surface  lines  extended  downward  vertically,  although 
such  veins,  lodes,  or  ledges  may  so  far  depart  from  a  perijendicular  in  their  course 
downward  as  to  extend  outside  the  vertical  side  lines  of  such  surface  locations.  But 
their  right  of  possession  to  such  outside  parts  of  such  veins  or  ledges  shall  be  confined 
to  such  portions  thereof  as  lie  between  vertical  planes  drawn  downward  as  above 


156  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

described  through  the  end  lines  of  their  locations,  so  continued  in  their  own  direction 
that  such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  parts  of  such  veins  or  ledges.  And 
nothing  in  this  section  shall  authorize  the  locator  or  possessor  of  a  vein,  or  lode  which 
extends  in  its  downward  course  beyond  the  vertical  lines  of  his  claim,  to  enter  upon 
the  surface  of  a  claim  owned  or  possessed  by  another. 

Tunnel   Claims. 

Sec.  2323.  Where  a  tunnel  is  run  for  the  development  of  a  vein  or  lode,  or  for 
the  discovery  of  mines,  the  owners  of  such  tunnel  shall  have  the  right  of  possession 
of  all  veins  or  lodes  within  three  thousand  feet  from  the  face  of  such  tunnel  on  the 
line  thereof,  not  previously  known  to  exist,  discovered  in  such  tunnel,  to  the  same 
extent  as  if  discovered  from  the  surface  and  locations  on  the  line  of  such  tunnel  of 
veins  or  lodes  not  appearing  on  the  surface,  made  by  other  parties  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  tunnel,  and  while  the  same  is  being  prosecuted  with  reasonable 
diligence,  shall  be  invalid,  but  failure  to  prosecute  the  work  on  the  tunnel  for  six 
months  shall  be  considered  as  an  abandonment  of  the  right  to  all  undiscovered  veins 
on  the  line  of  such  tunnel. 

Recording  and   Annual  Assessments. 

Sec.  2324.  The  miners  of  each  mining  district  may  make  regulations  not  in  con- 
flict with  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  or  with  the  laws  of  the  state  or  territory  in 
which  the  district  is  situated,  governing  the  location,  manner  of  recording,  amount 
of  work  necessary  to  hold  possession  of  a  mining  claim,  subject  to  the  following 
requirements :  The  location  must  be  distinctly  marked  on  the  ground  so  that  its 
boundaries  can  be  readily  traced.  All  records  of  mining  claims  hereafter  made  shall 
contain  the  name  or  names  of  the  locators,  the  date  of  the  location,  and  such  a 
description  of  the  claim  or  claims  located  by  reference  to  some  natural  object  or 
permanent  monument  as  will  identify  the  claim.  On  each  claim  located  after  the 
tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  and  until  a  patent  has  been 
issued  therefor,  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  labor  shall  be  performed 
or  improvements  made  during  each  year. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America  in  congress  asscmhled,  that  section  two  thousand,  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
four  of  the  Revised  Statutes  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  that  where  a 
person  or  company  has  or  may  run  a  tunnel  for  the  purpose  of  developing  a  lode  or 
lodes,  owned  by  said  person  or  company,  the  money  so  expended  in  said  tunnel  shall 
be  taken  and  considered  as  expended  on  said  lode  or  lodes,  whether  located  prior  to  or 
since  the  passage  of  said  act ;  and  such  person  or  company  shall  not  be  required  to 
perform  work  on  the  surface  of  said  lode  or  lodes  in  order  to  hold  the  same  as 
required  by  said  act.     (18  Stats,  at  Large,  page  315,  chap.  41.) 

An  amendment  of  January  22,  18S0,  reads: 

"Provided,  that  the  period  within  which  the  work  required  to  be  done  annually 
on  all  unpatented  mineral  claims  shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  January  suc- 
ceeding the  date  of  location  of  such  claim,  and  this  section  shall  apply  to  all  claims 
located  since  the  tenth  day  of  May,  Anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy- 
two."     (21  Stats,  at  Large,  page  61,  chap.  9.) 

The  federal  law  fixes  the  minimum  of  labor  requirements.  State 
and  local  laws  may  require  additional  work  as  part  of  the  act  of  loca- 
tion.    This  has  been  sustained  by  Supreme  Court  decisions. 

Patents. 

Section  2325  of  the  federal  statutes  provides  that  after  .$500  has  been  expended 
on  a  mining  claim  in  work  or  improvements,  a  patent  may  be  applied  for,  upon  the 
claim  being  surveyed  by  a  United  States  mineral  surveyor,  and  by  the  payment  of 
$5  per  acre  for  the  land  to  the  United  States  government. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  157 

PLACERS. 

Sec.  2320.  Claims  usually  called  "placers"  includiug  all  forms  of  deposit,  except- 
ing veins  of  quartz,  or  other  rock  in  place,  shall  be  subject  to  entry  and  patent, 
under  like  circumstances  and  conditions,  and  upon  similar  proceedings,  as  are  pro- 
vided for  vein  or  lode  claims  ;  but  where  the  lands  have  been  previously  surveyed  by 
the  United  States,  the  entry  in  its  exterior  limits  shall  conform  to  the  legal  sub- 
divisions of  public  lands. 

Areas  of  Placer  Claims. 

Sec.  2330.  Legal  subdivisions  of  forty  acres  may  be  subdivided  into  ten-acre 
tracts,  and  two  or  more  persons  or  associations  of  persons,  having  contiguous  claims 
of  any  size,  although  such  claims  may  be  less  than  ten  acres  each,  may  make  joint 
entry  thereof;  but  no  location  of  a  placer  claim,  made  after  the  ninth  day  of  July, 
eighteen  hundred  and  seventy,  shall  exceed  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  for  any  one 
person  or  association  of  persons,  which  location  shall  conform  to  the  United  States 
survejs ;  and  nothing  in  this  section  contained  shall  defeat  or  impair  any  bona  fide 
preemption  or  homestead  claim  upon  agricultural  lands,  or  authorize  the  sale  of  the 
improvements  of  any  bona  fide  settler  to  any  purchaser. 

Sec.  2331.  Where  placer  claims  are  upon  surveyed  lands,  and  conform  to  legal 
subdivisions,  no  further  survey  or  plat  shall  be  required,  and  all  placer  mining  claims 
located  after  the  tenth  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  shall  conform 
as  near  as  practicable  with  the  United  States  system  of  public  lands  surveys,  and  the 
rectangular  subdivisions  of  such  survejs,  and  no  such  location  shall  include  more 
than  twenty  acres  for  each  individual  claimant ;  but  where  placer  claims  can  not 
be  conformed  to  legal  subdivisions,  survey  and  plat  shall  be  made  as  on  unsurveyed 
lands ;  and  where  by  the  segregation  of  mineral  land  in  any  legal  subdivision  a  quan- 
tity of  agricultural  land  less  than  forty  acres  remains,  such  fractional  portion  of 
agricultural  land  may  be  entered  by  any  party  qualified  by  law,  for  homestead  or 
preemption  purposes. 

Placer   boundaries. 

Sec.  2333.  Where  the  same  person,  association,  or  corporation  is  in  possession 
of  a  placer  claim,  and  also  a  vein  or  lode  included  within  the  boundaries  thereof, 
application  shall  be  made  for  a  patent  for  the  placer  claim,  with  the  statement  that 
it  includes  such  vein  or  lode,  and  in  such  case  a  patent  shall  issue  for  the  placer 
claim,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  including  such  vein  or  lode  upon  the 
payment  of  five  dollars  per  acre  for  such  vein  or  lode  claim,  and  twenty-five  feet  of 
surface  on  each  side  thereof.  The  remainder  of  the  placer  claim,  or  any  placer  claim 
not  embracing  any  vein  or  lode  claim,  shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  two  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  per  acre,  together  with  all  costs  of  proceedings ;  and  where  a  vein  or 
lode,  such  as  is  described  in  section  twenty-three  hundred  and  twenty,  is  known  to 
exist  within  the  boundaries  of  a  placer  claim,  an  application  for  a  patent  for  such 
placer  claim  which  does  not  include  an  application  for  the  vein  or  lode  claim  shall  be 
construed  as  a  conclusive  declaration  that  the  claimant  of  the  placer  claim  has  no 
right  of  possession  of  the  vein  or  lode  claim  ;  but  where  the  existence  of  a  vein  or  lode 
in  a  placer  claim  is  not  known,  a  patent  for  the  placer  claim  shall  convey  all  valuable 
mineral  and  other  deposits  within  the  boundaries  thereof. 

Substances   Locatable   as   Placers. 

Lindley  on  Mines,  3d  ed.,  1914,  Sec.  420,  pp.  987  et  scq.  says:  "Among  the 
substances,  other  than  those  of  a  metallic  character,  which  have  been  classified  as 
mineral,  and  when  occurring  in  the  form  of  deposits  not  in  place,  lands  containing 
which  have  been  held  to  be  subject  to  appropriation  under  the  placer  laws,  we  note 
the  following :  Alum ;  asphaltum  ;  borax ;  diamonds ;  guano ;  gypsum  ;  kaolin  or 
china  clay  ;  marble  ;  mica ;  onyx  ;  soda,  carbonate  or  nitrate ;  slate  for  roofing  pur- 
poses ;  umber ;  building  stone.     *     *     *     Other  substances  require  specific  mention." 


158  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Under  these  "other  substances,"  are  detailed  :  Petroleum ;  natural  gas ;  brick  and 
other  classes  of  clay ;  phosphates ;  potash.  In  addition  to  the  above  named  the 
following  have  also  "been  held  to  be  mineral  by  the  United  States  Land  Department 
and  the  American  courts:  Amber;  stone  of  special  commercial  value;  cement  (see 
gypsum);  coal;  gravel;  limestone;  salt;  sand;  sandstone  (see  building  stone); 
sulphur."     (id.  Sec.  97,  pp.  170  et  seq.) 

Mining  claims  on  stream  beds. 

Gravel  deposits  on  the  beds  of  watercourses  may  be  appropriated  under  the  placer 
laws,  if  the  stream  is  not  a  navigable  one.  The  beds  of  navigable  "rivers  and  their 
banks  as  far  as  high-water  mark,  in  some  states  as  far  as  low-water  mark,  belong 
to  the  state,  and  not  to  the  federal  government.  *  *  *  The  state  may  grant 
temporary  privileges,  or  perhaps  permanent  rights,  of  dredging  or  carrying  on  other 
mining  operations  in  the  beds  of  navigable  waters ;  provided,  that  such  operations 
do  not  interfere  with  the  public  rights  of  navigation  or  the  private  rights  of 
riparian  owners."     (id.  Sec.  428,  pp.  1012,  1013.) 

Tide    Lands — Mining   claims   can    not    be   located   on. 

"There  is  no  principle  iuAolved  in  the  consideration  of  the  public  land  sj'stem 
better  settled  or  more  clearly  enunciated  than  that  lands  under  tidal  waters,  and 
below  the  line  of  ordinary  high  tide,  are  not  'public  lands'."  Such  belong  to  the 
state,  subject,  however,  to  the  public  right  of  navigation.  In  the  cases  of  the  beach 
placers  of  Nome.  Alaska,  and  the  oil  wells  below  high  tide  at  Summerland,  California, 
the  secretary  of  war  issued  permits  for  "operations  in  the  navigable  waters  of  the 
United  States,"  but  such  permits  did  not  confer  "any  rights  as  against  the  littoral 
owner."     (id.  Sec.  429,  p.  1017.) 

Entry  of   building   stone   lands   under  placer   laws. 

[Act  of  August  4,  1892,   ch.  375,  27   Stat.  L.   348.] 

SECfTiON  1.  Any  person  authorized  to  enter  lands  under  the  mining  laws  of  the 
United  States  may  enter  lands  that  are  chiefly  valuable  for  building  stone  under  the 
provisions  of  the  law  in  relation  to  placer  mineral  claims ;  provided,  that  lands 
reserved  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  schools  or  donated  to  any  state  shall  not  be  sub- 
ject to  entry  under  this  act.     (27  Stat.  L.  348.) 

Entry  of  saline   lands   under  placer   laws. 

[Act  of  January  31.   1901,  ch.   186,   31   Stat.   L.   745.] 

All  unoccupied  public  lands  of  the  United  States  containing  salt  springs,  or  deposits 
of  salt  in  any  form,  and  chiefly  valuable  therefor,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  subject 
to  location  and  purchase  under  the  provisions  of  the  law  relating  to  placer  mining 
claims;  provided,  that  the  same  person  shall  not  locate  or  enter  more  than  one  claim 
hereunder.     (31  Stat.  L.  745.) 

OIL  AND  GAS  CLAIMS. 

These  are  located  as  placer  claims.     See  sections  2329  to  2333  U.  S.  statutes. 

An    act    authorizing    entry    of    petroleum    or    other    mineral    oil    lands    under    placer 

claim   laws. 

Any  person  authorized  to  enter  lands  under  the  mining  laws  of  the  United  States 
may  enter  and  obtain  patents  to  lands  containing  petroleum  or  other  mineral  oils, 
and  chiefly  valuable  therefor,  under  the  provisions  of  the  laws  relating  to  placer 
mineral  claims ;  provided,  that  lands  containing  such  petroleum  or  other  mineral  oils 
which  have  heretofore  been  filed  upon,  claimed,  or  improved  as  mineral,  but  not  yet 
patented,  may  be  held  and  patented  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  same  as  if 
such  filing,  claim  or  improvement  were  subsequent  to  the  date  of  the  passage  hereof. 
(29  Stat.  L.  526.)     Approved  Feb.  11,  1897. 


MINING    LAW    APPENDIX.  .     15!) 

An   act  defining   what  shall   constitute  assessments  on   oil   mining   claims. 
[Act  of  February   12.   1903,  ch.   548,  32   Stat.  L.   825.] 

Where  oil  lands  are  located  under  the  provisions  of  title  thirty-two,  chapter  si.\, 
Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  as  placer  mining  claims,  the  annual  assess- 
ment labor  upon  such  claims  may  be  done  upon  any  one  of  a  group  of  claims  lying 
contiguous  and  owned  by  the  same  i)erson  or  corporation,  not  exceeding  five  claims  in 
all;  provided,  that  said  labor  will  tend  to  the  development  or  to  determine  the  oil- 
bearing  character  of  such  contiguous  claims. 

THE  "PICKET  BILL." 

An  act  to  authorize  the  president  of  the  United  States  to  make  withdrawals  of 
public  lands  in  certain  cases. 
This  provides  also : 

Sec.  2.  All  lands  withdrawn  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  at  all  times 
be  open  to  exploration,  discovery,  occupation,  and  purchase,  under  the  mining  laws 
of  the  United  States,  so  far  as  the  same  apply  to  minerals  other  than  coal,  oil,  gas, 
and  phosphates. 

By  the  amendment  of  August  24,  1912,  congress  limited  the  right  of  exploration, 
etc.,  within  the  withdrawn  areas,  to  those  lands  which  may  be  found  to  contain  metal- 
liferous mineral.  The  scope  of  withdrawal  was  thus  broadened,  with  the  specific 
intention  of  conserving  potash  in  addition  to  those  minerals  already  mentioned. 
(37  Stats,  at  Large.) 

However,  any  of  these  minerals  may  be  filed  upon  if  found  in  areas  of  the  public 
domain  not  yet  withdrawn. 

MINING  CLAIMS  IN  FOREST  RESERVES. 

The  congressional  act  of  June  4,  1897,  provides : 

"It  is  not  the  purpose  or  intent  of  these  provisions,  or  of  the  act  providing  for 
such  reservations,  to  authorize  the  inclusion  therein  of  lands  more  valuable  for  the 
mineral  therein,  or  for  agricultural  purposes,  than  for  forest  purposes." 

*  *      * 

"Nor  shall  anything  herein  prohibit  any  person  from  entering  upon  such  forest 
reservations  for  all  proper  and  lawful  purposes,  including  that  of  prospecting,  locat- 
ing and  developing  the  mineral  resources  thereof;  provided,  that  such  persons  comply 
with  the  rules  and  regulations  covering  such  forest  reservations." 

*  *      * 

"And  any  mineral  lands  in  any  forest  reservation  which  have  been  or  may  be 
shown  to  be  such  and  subject  to  entry  under  the  existing  mining  laws  of  the  United 
States  and  the  rules  and  regulations  applying  thereto,  shall  continue  to  be  subject  to 
such  location  and  entry  notwithstanding  any  provisions  herein  contained." 

Under  these  statutes  it  is  now  held  by  the  land  department  that  the  forest  reserves 
are  open  to  the  location  of  mining  claims.  There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  meaning 
of  congress  upon  the  subject:  That  lands  within  the  forest  reserves  are  subject  to 
the  operation  of  the  mining  laws. 


CALIFORNIA  DEBRIS  COMMISSION. 

An    act   to   create   the    California    Debris   Commission    and    regulate    hydraulic    mining 

in  the  state  of  California. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America  in  congress  assembled.  That  a  commission  is  hereby  created,  to  be  known 
as  the  California  Debris  Commission,  consisting  of  three  members.  The  president  of 
the  United  States  shall  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  appoint 


160  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OF    CALIFORNIA, 

the  commission  from  officers  of  the  corps  of  engineers,  United  States  army.  "Vacan- 
cies occurring  therein  shall  be  filled  in  like  manner.  It  shall  have  the  authority,  and 
exercise  the  powers  hereinafter  set  forth,  under  the  sugervision  of  the  chief  of 
engineers  and  direction  of  the  secretary  of  war. 

Sec.  2.  That  said  commission  shall  organize  within  thirty  days  after  its  appoint- 
ment by  the  selection  of  such  officers  as  may  be  required  in  the  performance  of  its 
duties,  the  same  to  be  selected  from  the  members  thereof.  The  members  of  said  com- 
mission shall  receive  no  greater  compensation  than  is  now  allowed  by  law  to  each, 
respectively,  as  an  officer  of  said  corps  of  engineers.  It  shall  also  adopt  rules  and 
regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  law,  to  govern  its  deliberations  and  prescribe  the 
method  of  procedure  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  jurisdiction  of  said  commission,  in  so  far  as  the  same  affects 
mining  carried  on  by  the  hydraulic  process  shall  extend  to  all  such  mining  in  the 
territory  drained  by  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  river  systems  in  the  state  of 
California.  Hydraulic  mining,  as  defined  in  section  eight  hereof,  directly  or  indirectly 
injuring  the  navigability  of  said  river  systems,  carried  on  in  said  territory  other  than 
as  permitted  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  is  hereby  prohibited  and  declared 
unlawful. 

Sec.  4.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commission  to  mature  and  adopt  such 
plan  or  plans,  from  examinations  and  surveys  already  made  and  from  such  additional 
examinations  and  surveys  as  it  may  deem  necessary,  as  will  improve  the  navigability 
of  all  the  rivers  comprising  said  systems,  deepen  their  channels,  and  protect  their 
banks.  Such  plan  or  plans  shall  be  matured  with  a  view  of  making  the  same  effective 
as  against  the  encroachment  of  and  damage  from  debris  resulting  from  mining  opera- 
tions, natural  erosion,  or  other  causes,  with  a  view  of  restoring,  as  near  as  practicable 
and  the  necessities  of  commerce  and  navigation  demand,  the  navigability  of  said 
rivers  to  the  condition  existing  in  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty,  and  permitting  mining 
by  the  hydraulic  process,  as  the  term  is  understood  in  said  state,  to  be  carried  on, 
provided  the  same  can  be  accomplished  without  injury  to  the  navigability  of  said 
rivers  or  the  lands  adjacent  thereto. 

Sec.  5.  That  it  shall  further  examine,  survey,  and  determine  the  utility  and 
practicability,  for  the  purposes  hereinafter  indicated,  of  storage  sites  in  the  tributaries 
of  said  rivers  and  in  the  respective  branches  of  said  tributaries,  or  in  the  plains, 
basins,  sloughs,  and  tule  and  swamp  lands  adjacent  to  or  along  the  course  of  said 
rivers,  for  the  storage  of  debris  or  water  or  as  settling  reservoirs,  with  the  object 
of  using  the  same  by  either  or  all  of  these  methods  to  aid  in  the  improvement  and 
protection  of  said  navigable  rivers  by  preventing  deposits  therein  of  debris  resulting 
from  mining  operations,  natural  erosion,  or  other  causes,  or  for  affording  relief 
thereto  in  flood  time  and  providing  sufficient  water  to  maintain  scouring  force  therein 
in  the  summer  season  ;  and  in  connection  therewith  to  investigate  such  hydraulic  and 
other  mines  as  are  now  or  may  have  been  worked  by  methods  intended  to  restrain 
the  debris  and  material  moved  in  operating  such  mines  by  impounding  dams,  settling 
resen'oirs,  or  otherwise,  and  in  general  to  make  such  study  of  and  researches  in  the 
hydraulic  mining  industry  as  science,  experience  and  engineering  skill  may  suggest 
as  practicable  and  useful  in  devising  a  method  or  methods  whereby  such  mining  may 
be  carried  on  as  aforesaid. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  said  commission  shall  from  time  to  time  note  the  conditions  of 
the  navigable  channels  of  said  river  systems,  by  cross-section  surveys  or  otherwise, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  effect  therein  of  such  hydraulic  mining  operations  as  may 
be  permitted  by  its  orders  and  such  as  is  caused  by  erosion,  natural  or  otherwise. 

Sec.  7.  That  said  commission  shall  submit  to  the  chief  of  engineers  for  the 
information  of  the  secretary  of  war,  on  or  before  the  fifteenth  day  of  November  of 
each  year  a  report  of  its  labors  and  transactions,  with  plans  for  the  construction,  com- 
pletion, and  preservation  of  the  public  works  outlined  in  this  act,  together  with 
estimates  of  the  cost  thereof,  stating  what  amounts  can  be  profitably  expended  thereon 
each  year.  The  secretary  of  war  shall  thereupon  submit  same  to  congress  on  or 
before  the  meeting  thereof. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  161 

Sec.  8.  That  for  the  purpose  of  this  act  "hydraulic  mining"  and  "mining  by  the 
hydraulic  process,"  are  hereby  declared  to  have  the  meaning  and  application  given  to 
said  terms  in  said  state. 

Sec.  t).  That  the  individual  proprietor  or  proprietors,  or  in  case  of  a  corporation 
its  manager  or  agent  appointed  for  that  purpose,  owning  mining  ground  in  the  terri- 
tory in  the  state  of  California  mentioned  in  section  three  hereof,  which  it  is  desired 
to  work  by  the  hydraulic  process,  must  file  with  said  commission  a  verilied  petition, 
setting  forth  such  facts  as  will  comply  with  law  and  the  rules  prescribed  by  said 
commission. 

Sec.  10.  That  said  petition  shall  be  accompanied  by  an  instrument  duly  executed 
and  acknowledged,  as  required  by  the  law  of  the  said  state,  whereby  the  owner  or 
owners  of  such  mine  or  mines  surrender  to  the  United  Stales  the  right  and  privilege 
to  regulate  by  law,  as  provided  in  this  act,  or  any  law  that  may  hereafter  be  enacted, 
or  by  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  virtue  thereof  the  manner 
and  method  in  which  the  debris  resulting  from  the  working  of  said  mine  or  mines 
shall  be  restrained,  and  what  amount  shall  be  produced  therefrom  ;  it  being  under- 
stood that  the  surrender  aforesaid  shall  not  be  construed  as  in  any  way  affecting  the 
right  of  such  owner  or  owners  to  operate  said  mine  or  mines  by  any  other  process 
or  method  now  in  use  in  said  state;  provided,  that  they  shall  not  interfere  with  the 
navigability  of  the  aforesaid  rivers. 

Sec.  11.  That  the  owners  of  several  mining  claims  situated  so  as  to  require  a 
common  dumping  ground  or  dam  or  other  restraining  works  for  the  debris  issuing 
therefrom  in  one  or  more  sites  may  file  a  joint  petition  setting  forth  such  facts  in 
addition  to  the  requirements  of  section  nine  hereof;  and  where  the  owner  of  a 
hydraulic  mine  or  owners  of  several  such  mines  have  and  use  common  dumpiug  sites 
for  impounding  debris  or  as  settling  reservoirs  which  sites  are  located  below  the 
mine  of  an  applicant  not  entitled  to  use  same,  such  fact  shall  also  be  stated  in  said 
petition.     Thereupon  the  same  proceedings  shall  be  had  as  provided  for  herein. 

Sec.  12.  A  notice  specifying  briefly  the  contents  of  said  petition  and  fixing  a 
time  previous  to  which  all  proofs  are  to  be  submitted  shall  be  published  by  said  com- 
mission in  some  newspaper  or  newspapers  of  general  circulation  in  the  communities 
interested  in  the  matter  set  forth  therein.  If  published  in  a  daily  paper  such  publi- 
cation shall  continue  for  at  least  ten  days ;  if  in  a  weekly  paper  in  at  least  three 
issues  of  the  same.  Pending  publication  thereof  said  commission,  or  a  committee 
thereof,  shall  examine  the  mine  and  premises  described  in  such  petition.  On  or  before 
the  time  so  fixed  all  parties  interested,  either  as  petitioners  or  contestants,  whether 
miners  or  agriculturists,  may  file  afiidavils,  plans,  and  maps  in  support  of  their 
respective  claims.  Further  hearings,  upon  notice  to  all  parties  of  record,  may  be 
granted  by  the  commission  when  necessary. 

Sec.  13.  That  in  case  a  majority  of  the  members  of  said  commission,  within 
thirty  days  after  the  time  so  fixed,  concur  in  a  decision  in  favor  of  the  petitioner  or 
petitioners,  the  said  commission  shall  thereupon  make  an  order  directing  the  methods 
and  specifying  in  detail  the  manner  in  which  operations  shall  proceed  in  such  mine 
or  mines ;  what  restraining  or  impounding  works,  if  facilities  therefor  can  be  found, 
shall  be  built,  and  maintained  ;  how  and  of  what  material ;  where  to  be  located  ;  and 
in  general  set  forth  such  further  requirements  and  safeguards  as  will  protect  the 
public  interests  and  prevent  injury  to  the  said  navigable  rivers,  and  the  lands  adjacent 
thereto,  with  such  further  conditions  and  limitations  as  will  observe  all  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  in  relation  to  the  working  thereof  and  the  payment  of  taxes  on 
the  gross  proceeds  of  the  same;  provided,  that  all  expense  incurred  in  complying  with 
said  order  shall  be  borne  by  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  mine  or  mines. 

Sec.  14.  That  such  petitioner  or  petitioners  must  within  a  reasonable  time  pre- 
sent plans  and  specifications  of  all  works  required  to  be  built  in  pursuance  of  said 
order  for  examination,  correction,  and  approval  by  said  commission  ;  and  thereupon 
work  may  immediately  commence  thereon  under  the  supervision  of  said  commission 
or  representative  thereof  attached  thereto  from  said  corps  of  engineers,  who  shall 
inspect  same  from  time  to  time.     Upon  completion  thereof,  if  found  in  every  respect 

11—26487 


162  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  said  order  and  said  approved  plans  and  specifications, 
permission  shall  thereupon  be  granted  to  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  mine  or  mines 
to  commence  mining  operations,  subject  to  the  conditions  of  said  order  and  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act. 

Sec.  15.  That  no  permission  granted  to  a  mine  owner  or  owners  under  this  act 
shall  take  effect,  so  far  as  regards  the  working  of  a  mine,  until  all  impounding  dams 
or  other  restraining  works,  if  any  are  prescribed  by  the  order  granting  such  per- 
mission, have  been  completed  and  until  the  impounding  dams  or  other  restraining 
works  or  settling  reservoirs  provided  by  said  commission  have  reached  such  a  stage  as 
in  the  opinion  of  said  commission,  it  is  safe  to  use  the  same;  provided,  hotcever,  thai 
if  said  commission  shall  be  of  the  opinion  that  the  restraining  and  other  works  already 
constructed  at  the  mine  or  mines  shall  be  suflicient  to  protect  the  navigable  rivers 
of  said  systems  and  the  work  of  said  commission,  then  the  owner  or  owners  of  such 
mine  or  mines  may  be  permitted  to  commence  operations. 

Sec.  1G.  That  in  case  the  joint  petition  referred  to  in  section  eleven  hereof  is 
granted,  the  commission  shall  fix  the  respective  amounts  to  be  paid  by  each  owner 
of  such  mines  toward  providing  and  building  necessary  impounding  dams  or  other 
restraining  works.  In  the  event  of  a  petition  being  filed  after  the  entry  of  sucii 
order,  or  in  case  the  impounding  dam  or  dams  or  other  restraining  works  have  already 
been  constructed  and  accepted  by  said  commission,  the  commission  shall  fix  such 
amount  as  may  be  reasonable  for  the  privilege  of  dumping  therein,  which  amount 
shall  be  divided  between  the  original  owners  of  such  impounding  dams  or  other 
restraining  works  in  proportion  to  the  amount  respectively  paid  by  each  party  own- 
ing same.  The  expense  of  maintaining  and  protecting  such  joint  dam  or  works  shall 
be  divided  among  mine  owners  using  the  same  in  such  proportion  as  the  commission 
shall  determine.  In  all  cases  where  it  is  practicable,  restraining  and  impounding 
works  are  to  be  provided,  constructed  and  maintained  by  mine  owners  near  or  below 
the  mine  or  mines  before  reaching  the  main  tributaries  of  said  navigable  waters. 

Sec.  17.  That  at  no  time  shall  any  more  debris  be  permitted  to  be  washed  away 
from  any  hydraulic  mine  or  mines  situated  on  the  tributaries  of  said  rivers  and  the 
respective  branches  of  each,  worked  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  than  can  bo 
impounded  within  the  restraining  works  erected. 

Sec.  is.  That  the  said  commission  may  at  any  time  when  the  condition  of  tlio 
navigable  rivers  or  when  the  capacities  of  all  impounding  and  settling  facilities  erected 
by  mine  owners  or  such  as  may  be  provided  by  government  authority  require  same, 
modify  the  order  granting  the  privilege  to  mine  by  the  hydraulic  mining  process  so 
as  to  reduce  amount  thereof  to  meet  the  capacities  of  the  facilities  then  in  use,  or, 
if  actually  required  in  order  to  protect  the  navigable  rivers  from  damage,  may  revoke 
same  until  the  further  notice  of  the  commission. 

Sec.  19.  That  an  intentional  violation  on  the  part  of  a  mine  owner  or  owners, 
company,  or  corporation,  or  the  agents  or  the  employees  of  eithor,  of  the  conditions 
of  the  order  granted  pursuant  to  section  thirteen,  or  such  modifications  thereof  as 
may  have  been  made  by  said  commission,  shall  work  a  forfeitm-e  of  the  privileges 
thereby  conferred,  and  upon  notice  being  served  by  the  order  of  said  commission 
upon  such  owner  or  owners,  company  or  corporation,  or  agent  in  charge,  work  shall 
immediately  cease.  Said  commission  shall  take  necessary  steps  to  enforce  its  orders 
in  case  of  the  failure,  neglect,  or  refusal  of  such  owner  or  owners,  company  or  corpo- 
ration, or  agents  thereof,  to  comply  therewith,  or  in  the  event  of  any  person  or  per- 
sons, company  or  corporation  working  by  said  process  in  said  territory  contrary  to 
law. 

Sec.  20.  That  said  commission,  or  committee  therefrom  or  oflicer  of  said  corps 
assigned  to  duty  under  its  orders,  shall,  whenever  deemed  necessary,  visit  said  terri- 
tory and  all  mines  operating  under  the  provisions  of  this  act.  A  report  of  such 
examination  shall  be  placed  on  file. 

Sec.  21.  That  the  said  commission  is  hereby  granted  the  right  to  use  any  of  the 
public  lands  of  the  United  States,  or  any  rock,  stone,  timber,  trees,  brush,  or  material 
thereon  or  therein,  for  any  of  the  purposes  of  this  act:  and  the  seci'etao'  of  the 
interior  is  hereby  authorized  and  requested,  after  notice  has  been  filed  with  the  com- 
missioner of  the  general  land  oSice  by  sKid  commission,  setting  forth   what  public 


MINING   LAW    APPENDIX.  163 

lands  are  required  by  it  under  tlie  authority  of  this  section,  that  such  land  or  lands 
shall  be  withdrawn  from  sale  and  entry  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  22.  That  any  person  or  persons  who  wilfully  or  maliciously  injure,  damage, 
or  destroy,  or  attempt  to  injure,  damage  or  destroy,  any  dam  or  other  work  erected 
under  the  provisions  of  tl;is  act  for  restraining,  impounding,  or  settling  purposes,  or 
for  use  in  connection  therewith,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
viction thereof  shall  be  fined  uot  to  e.vceed  the  sum  of  live  thousand  dollars  or 
be  imprisoned  not  to  exceed  tive  years,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court.  Aud  any  person  or  persons,  company  or  corporation,  their 
agents  or  employees,  who  shall  mine  by  the  hydraulic  process  directly  or  indirectly 
injuring  the  navigable  waters  of  the  United  States,  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  thousand  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceed- 
ing one  year,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  impi'isonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court ; 
provided,  that  this  section  shall  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  May,  eighteen  hundred 
and  ninety-three. 

Sec.  23.  That  upon  the  construction  by  the  said  commission  of  dams  or  oth^r 
works  for  the  detention  of  debris  from  hydraulic  mines  aud  the  issuing  of  the  order 
provided  for  by  this  act  to  any  individual,  company,  or  corporation  to  work  any 
mine  or  mines  by  hydraulic  process,  the  individual,  company,  or  corporation  oper- 
ating thereunder  working  any  mine  or  mines  by  hydraulic  process,  the  debris  from 
which  flows  into  or  is  in  whole  or  in  part  restrained  by  such  dams  or  other  works 
erected  by  said  commission,  shall  pay  a  tax  of  three  per  centum  on  the  gross  proceeds 
of  his.  their,  or  its  mine  so  worked  ;  which  tax  of  three  per  centum  shall  be  ascer- 
tained and  paid  in  accordance  with  regulations  to  be  adopted  by  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  and  the  treasurer  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  authorized  to  receive 
the  same.  All  sums  of  money  paid  into  the  treasury  under  this  section  shall  be 
set  apart  and  credited  to  a  fund  to  be  known  as  the  "Debris  P'und,"'  and  shall  be 
expended  by  said  commission  under  the  supervision  of  the  chief  of  engineers  and 
direction  of  the  secretary  of  war,  in  addition  to  the  appropriations  made  by  law 
in  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  such  restraining  works  and  settling  reservoirs 
as  may  be  proper  and  necessary  ;  provided,  that  said  commission  is  hereby  authorized 
to  receive  and  pay  into  the  treasury  from  the  owner  or  owners  of  mines  worked 
by  the  hydraulic  process,  to  whom  permission  may  have  been  granted  so  to  work 
under  the  provisions  thereof,  such  money  advances  as  may  be  offered  to  aid  iu  the 
construction  of  such  impounding  dams  or  other  restraining  works,  or  settling  reser- 
voirs, or  sites  therefoi-,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  by  said  commission  to  protect 
the  navigable  channels  of  said  river  sj'stems,  on  condition  that  all  moneys  so  advanced 
shall  be  refunded  as  the  said  tax  is  paid  into  the  said  debris  fund  ;  and  provided, 
further,  that  in  no  event  shall  the  government  of  the  United  States  be  held  liable 
to  refund  same  except  as  directed  by  this  section. 

Sec.  24.  That  for  the  purpose  of  securing  harmony  of  action  and  economy  of 
expenditures  in  the  work  to  be  done  by  the  United  States  and  the  state  of  California, 
respectively,  the  former  in  its  plans  for  the  improvement  and  protection  of  the 
navigable  streams  and  to  i)revent  the  depositing  of  mining  debris  or  other  materials 
within  the  same,  and  the  latter  in  its  plans  authorized  by  law  for  the  reclamation, 
drainage,  and  protection  of  its  lands,  or  relating  to  the  working  of  hj-draulic  mines, 
the  said  commission  is  empowered  to  consult  thereon  with  a  commission  of  engineers 
of  said  state,  if  authorized  by  said  state  for  said  pur])ose,  the  result  of  such  confer- 
ence to  be  reported  to  the  chief  of  engineers  of  the  United  States  army,  and  if  by 
him  approved  shall  be  followed  by  said  commission. 

Sec.  2o.  That  said  commission,  in  order  that  such  material  as  is  now  or  may 
hereafter  be  lodged  in  the  tributaries  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  river 
systems  resulting  from  mining  operations,  natural  erosion,  or  other  causes,  shall  bo 
prevented  from  injuring  the  said  navigable  rivers  or  such  of  the  tributaries  of  either 
as  may  be  navigable  and  the  land  adjacent  thereto,  is  hereby  directed  and  empowered, 
when  appropriations  are  made  therefor  by  law,  or  sufiicient  money  is  deposited  for 
that  purpose  in  said  debris  fund,  to  build  at  such  points  above  the  head  of  navigation 
in  said  rivers  and  on  the  main  tributaries  thei'eof,  or  branches  of  such  tributarie*, 


164  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

or  at  any  place  adjacent  to  the  same,  which  in  the  judgment  of  said  cooimissiou 
will  effect  said  object  (the  same  to  be  of  such  material  as  will  insure  safety  and 
permanency),  such  restraining  or  impounding  dams  and  settling  reservoirs,  with 
such  canals,  locks,  or  other  works  adapted  and  requii'ed  to  complete  same.  The 
recommendations  contained  in  executive  document  numbered  two  hundred  and  sixty- 
seven,  fifty-first  congress,  second  session,  and  executive  document  numbered  ninety- 
eight,  forty-seventh  congress,  first  session,  as  far  as  they  refer  to  impounding  dams, 
or  other  restraining  works  are  hereby  adopted,  and  the  same  are  directed  to  be  made 
the  basis  of  operations.  The  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated, 
from  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  be  immediately  available 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  said  commission. 
Approved  March  1,  1893. 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  OWNERS  AND  OPERATORS  OF  HYDRAULIC 

MINES  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

November,  1915. 

1.  The  California  Debris  Commission  is  composed  of  three  officers  of  the  Corps  of 
Engineers,  United  States  Army,  who  are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  United  States  Senate,  under  the  authority 
of  the  Act  of  Congress,  approved  March  1,  1893.  The  Commission  is  charged  by  this 
act  with  the  enforcement  of  its  provisions,  including  such  regulation  and  control  of 
hjdraulic  mining  in  the  drainage  areas  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers 
of  the  State  of  California  as  is  necessary  to  cause  the  tailings  from  such  mining  to  be 
so  impounded  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mine  as  to  prevent  injury  to  the  navigable  rivers 
and  adjacent  lands.  The  owners  and  operators  of  such  mines  are  required  by  this 
law  to  comply  strictly  with  such  requirements  of  the  Commission  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary  to  effect  this  purpose.  An  extreme  penalty  of  $5,000  fine  and  one  year's 
imprisonment  is  provided  for  violation  of  the  act. 

2.  Hydraulic  mining  embraces  all  mining  operations  where  water  is  used  under 
pressure  through  a  nozzle  against  any  bank  of  earth,  gravel,  or  other  similar  material, 
thus  eroding  the  bank.  It  is  forbidden  by  law  except  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Commission. 

3.  The  law  requires  that  in  all  cases  a  license  or  written  permission  must  be 
obtained  from  the  Commission  before  hydraulic  mining  in  the  regions  mentioned  can 
be  legally  carried  on. 

4.  Licenses  or  permission  to  mine  by  the  hydraulic  process  are  revocable  by  the 
Commission,  and  will  not  be  given  unless  the  requirements  of  the  Commission  are 
complied  with  as  to  sufficiency  of  suitable  restraining  barriers  or  dams.  Licenses, 
when  granted,  will  be  suspended  or  revoked  for  failure  to  properly  maintain  such 
barriers  or  dams  or  for  failure  to  make  the  reports  and  furnish  information  asked 
for  by  the  Commission. 

5.  Licenses  are  obtained  by  making  application  to  the  California  Debris  Commis- 
sion, San  Francisco,  Cal.,  on  the  special  blank  form  issued  by  the  Commission, 
copies  of  which  will  be  sent  on  request,  free  of  cost 

6.  Licenses  are  not  transferable  and  are  valid  only  for  the  operations  of  th»  indi- 
vidual or  company,  and  for  the  special  mine  named  in  the  license. 

7.  By  the  terms  of  the  law  an  application  for  a  license  must  be  advertised  by  the 
Commission  in  the  newspapers  to  allow  any  protests  to  be  filed  with  the  Commission. 
This  advertising  usually  takes  about  three  weeks. 

8.  As  soon  as  practicable  after  receiving  an  application,  the  Commission,  or  its 
representative,  will  visit  the  sites  proposed  by  the  applicants  for  the  restraining 
works.  If  these  are  found  satisfactory,  and  if  no  suitably  substantiated  protest  is 
filed,  the  Commission  will  issue  an  order  granting  authority  to  construct  the  dams 
or  barriers,  with  the  requirements  as  to  the  work.  Any  work  on  a  dam  before  such 
authorization  is  wholly  at  the  builder's  risk,  and  may  not  be  accepted  by  the  Com- 
mission. Any  variation  in  location,  order,  or  character  of  work  from  that  specified 
by  the  Commission  may  also  cause  rejection  of  the  dam. 


MINING   LAW    APPENDIX.  165 

9.  At  least  three  weeks  before  beginning  any  of  the  work  under  the  order  of  the 
Commission,  the  interested  party  must  give  the  Commission  notice  to  permit  such 
arrangement  for  such  inspection  of  the  work  as  the  Commission  may  require.  The 
expense  of  this  inspection,  including  salary,  traveling  and  other  expenses  of  the 
inspectors,  as  well  as  other  cost  involved  in  securing  compliance  with  the  order  grant- 
ing authority  to  construct  the  restraining  works  must,  under  the  law,  be  borne  by 
the  mine  owners  or  operators.  The  amount  of  the  Commission's  estimate  of  the 
expense  of  inspection  must  be  deposited  with  the  Commission,  in  a  form  acceptable 
to  it,  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  works.  If  this  deposit  proves  insufficient  for  the 
purpose,  additional  deposits  must  be  made  when  called  for  by  the  Commission.  After 
inspection  any  unused  balance  will  be  returned,  with  a  statement  showing  expendi- 
tures made  from  the  deposits.  After  the  restraining  works  are  found  satisfactory  to 
the  Commission  it  will  issue  a  revocable  license  to  mine.  Until  the  license  is  issued 
it  is  illegal  to  mine. 

10.  When  the  license  hag  been  issued,  a  report  must  be  submitted  every  month  on 
blank  form  for  this  purpose  furnished  by  the  Commission  upon  request.  If  no  mining 
is  carried  on  for  any  month,  the  small  form  is  to  be  used  ;  otherwise,  the  large  form 
must  be  forwarded.     All  blank  spaces  should  be  carefully  and  accurately  filled. 

11.  In  case  of  any  accident  to  a  restraining  dam  affecting  its  efficiency,  mining 
must  immediately  cease  and  the  Commission  must  be  notified  promptly. 

12.  Dams  must  be  kept  water  tight,  and  the  parties  using  them  must  promptly 
<rheck  leakage.  Before  the  debris  held  back  has.  within  such  distance  (not  less 
than  one  hundred  feet)  from  the  weir  as  the  Commission  may  require,  risen  to  a 
point  three  (3)  feet  below  the  level  of  the  lowest  point  of  the  restraining  barrier,  or 
weir,  mining  must  stop  until  more  impounding:  capacity  is  provided  in  accordance 
with  methods  then  affirmatively  approved  by  the  Commission. 

13.  Due  notice  of  change  in  names  of  mines  must  be  given  to  the  Commission  by 
the  parties  at  interest. 

14.  The  mine  owners  are  usually  expected  to  have  the  inspector  met  at  the  nearest 
railway  or  stage  station  and  taken  to  the  mine  and  back.  As  many  regions  where 
mines  are  located  are  inaccessible  in  winter  time,  applications  for  licenses  and 
inspections  should  be  submitted  as  early  in  the  season  as  practicable.  Delay  in 
attending  to  this  may  occasion  the  loss  of  considerable  time  or  an  entire  season. 

1.5.  To  avoid  delay  due  to  loss  of  letters  it  is  suggested  that  requests  be  repeated 
within  a  reasonable  time,  if  not  promptly  acknowledged  or  acted  upon.  .Ml  commu- 
nications should  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary,  California  Debris  Commission, 
Room  40.^1,  Custom  House,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

IG.  Constniction  of  any  restraining  barrier  not  affirmatively  authorized  by  the 
Commission,  is  prohibited.  Where  there  exists  above  any  restraining  barrier  author- 
ized by  the  Commission,  any  barrier  not  now  approved  by  it  as  permanent,  the  total 
capacity  of  the  authorized  barrier  up  to  its  crest  and  to  such  slope  as  the  material 
may  attain  must  be  ample,  in  addition  to  that  required  by  Rule  12,  to  care  for  the 
material  temporarily  restrained  when  it  finally  reaches  the  permanent  barrier. 
By  direction   of  the  California  Debris  Commission  : 

L.  H.  RAND, 
Major,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  Army. 

Secretary. 


166  MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF   CALIFORNIA. 


FORMS  FOR  LOCATION  NOTICES. 

The  following  forms  for  mineral  location  notices  have  been  found  to 
fill  the  requirements  of  the  statutes  :^^ 

NOTICE   OF   QUARTZ    LODE    LOCATION. 

Notice  is  hereby  given,  That  I, ,  a  citizen 

of  the  United  States,  have  discovered  a  vein  of  rock  in  place,  carrying  gold,  silver, 
copper,  and  other  valuable  deposits,  upon  which  I  have  erected  a  discovery  monu- 
ment and  posted  this  notice,  as  hereinafter  set  forth  ;  that  in  accordance  with  the 
provision  of  Chapter  6,  Title  32  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States  and 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  California,  I  hereby  claim  fifteen  hundred  linear  feet  of 
said   vein,  measured  theroou  as  hereinafter  set  forth.     Said  discovery  was  made  on 

the day  of ,  19 Immediately  upon 

making  the  same,  and  on  the day  of ,  19 , 

I  erected  at  the  point  of  discovery,  a  substantial  monument,  consisting  of  a  mound 
of  rocks  and and  posted  thereon  this  notice. 

The  *  general  course  of  said  vein  is and I  claim  in 

length  thereon feet and feet from 

said  discovery  monument.     I  also  claim  three  hundred  feet  on  each  side  of  the  center 

of  the  vein.     This  vein  or  claim  shall  be  known  as  and  called  the 

It  is  situated  in Mining  District,  and 

in  t  Sec. ,  Tp. ,  R. ,  B.  and  M.,  in 

County,  California,  and  the  discovery  monument being  placed  about  § 


from   

That  the  following  is  a  description  of  said  location  as  marked  on  the  ground :  $ 

commencing  at  the of  said  claim,  a 

from  which  initial  point  the  discovery  monument  is  dis- 
tant about feet  in  a direction ; 

thence  || 

Dated  and  posted  on  the  ground,  this day  of 

,  19 


Witness 


Locator. 


''Wilson's  Mining-  Laws,   1911.  pp.   60-62. 

♦Make  tliis  description  in  accordanoe  witti  the  facts,  as  "The  general  course  of 
sairl  vein  is  north  and  south.  I  claim  in  length  thereon  500  feet  north  and  1,000  feet 
south  from   s.'aid  discovery  monument." 

tlf  the  claim  is  upon  surveyed  land,  give  the  section,  township  and  range,  if  pos- 
sible.    This  is  not  required  by  law.  hut  makes  a  much  better  description. 

§Here  refer  to  some  natural  object  or  permanent  monument  so  as  to  identify  the 
locality  of  the  claim,  in  compliance  with  section  2.324,  Revised  Statutes  U.  S.  A  road, 
house,  tree,  known  mountain  or  peak,  government  corner,  mill,  or  known  mining 
claim,  are  such  objects  or  monuments.  As,  "About  one  mile  directly  east  from  John 
Doe's  quartz  mill  and   4  00  rods  west  from  the  Last  Hope  mine."  etc. 

tHere  state:  "Commencing  at  the  N.  E.  corner  of  said  claim,  a  mound  of  rocks 
4  ft  high,"  or  at  any  other  corner  or  point  in  the  boundary:  give  the  distance  and 
direction  from  this  initial  monument  to  the  discovery  monument,  and  then  locate  the 
discovery  with  reference  to   some  natural   object  or  permanent  monument. 

IIHere  follows  a  description  of  the  claim  from  the  initial  monument.  For  instance: 
"Thence  GOO  ft.  northwesterly  to  the  N.  W.  corner  of  said  claim,  at  which  point  is 
a  mound  of  rocks  2J  ft.  high,  marked  so-and-so  (if  marked);  thence  1,500  ft.  south- 
westerly to  the  S.  W.  corner  of  said  claim,  being  a  mound  of  rocks,"  etc. ;  so  going 
around  the  claim  to  the  point  of  beginning. 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX.  167 

NOTICE   OF    LOCATION    OF   PLACER   CLAIM. 

Notice  i«  hereby  given,  That 

citizen of  the  United  States,  h this day  of 

,  li) ,  dlsoovored  a  valuable  placer  deposit  within  the  limits 

of  this  claim ;  that  by  virtue  of  said  discovery, 

ha located,  and  hereby  locate  and  claim  the  following  described  land. 

situate  in Mining  District, County,  California,  lo 

wit:  * of  section 

Township ,  Range ,  B.  and  M.,  containing 

acres.t     Said  claim  is  hereby  named Placer  Claim. 

Said  claim  is  marked  upon  the  ground  as  follows:  t 

This  notice  is  posted  on  a  mound  of  rocks  at  the  point  of  discovery,  situated   § 

Dated  and  posted  on  the  ground,  this day  of ,  19 

Locator. 

*The  statute  provides  that  the  locator  must  give  "a  description  of  the  claim  by 
reference  to  legal  subdivisions  of  sections,  if  the  lonation  is  made  in  conformity  with 
the  public  surveys;  otherwise  a  description  with  reference  to  some  natural  object  or 
permanent   monument  as   will   identify   the  claim." 

tWlien  not  described  by  legal  subdivisions,  the  description  should  conform  to  that 
contained  in  the  final  certificate  of  location  of  a  lode  claim. 

JTho  statute  provides  tliat.  whetlier  described  by  legal  subdivisions  or  not,  the 
location  shall  be  marked  by  the  locator  on  tlie  ground,  and  as  the  affidavit  to  be  filed 
later  is  not  required  to  contain  a  description  of  the  claim,  we  think  this  notice  should 
state  how  the  location  is  marked  :  as,  for  instance.  "At  the  N.  E.  corner  of  said  tract 
a  mound  of  rocks  .3  ft.  high,  marked  so-and-so  (if  marked),  and  at  the  N.  "W.  corner 
a  stake  in  a  mound  of  rocks,  marked,"  etc.,  and  so  on  for  eacli  monument  enclosing 
the  claim. 

§Here  state  whore  the  discovery  is  located,  as,  for  instance,  "20  feet  S.  W.  of  the 
N.   E.   corner  monument." 

The  foregoing  form  of  placer  notice  may  l)e  used  for  location  of  all 
deposits  which  are  classed  under  placer  laws. 

A  duplicate  of  either  of  these  notices  must  be  filed  for  record  with 
the  county  recorder  within  thirt,y  days  from  the  discovery;  and  the 
locator  is  allowed  thirty  days  to  mark  his  location  on  the  ground. 


168 


MINERAL   INDUSTRY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


APPENDIX. 


PUBLICATIONS   OF  THE   CALIFORNIA   STATE  MINING  BUREAU. 

Publications  of  this  Bureau  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  requisite  amount.     Only 
stamps,  coin  or  money  orders  will  be  accepted  in  payment. 

Money  orders  should  be  made  payable  to  the  State  Mining  Bureau. 

Personal  checks  icill  not  be  accepted. 


REPORTS. 

Asterisk  (♦)   Indicates  the  publication  Is  out  of  print. 

♦Report         I.     Henry  G.  Hanks.     1880. 

•Report        II.     Henry  G.  Hanks.     1882. 

•Report      III.     Henry  G.   Hanks.      1883. 

•Report      IV.     Henry  G.  Hanks.      1884. 

•Report        V.     Henry  G.   Hanks.     1885. 

•Report      VI.     Part  1.     Henry  G.   Hanks.     1886. 

•Report       VI.     Part  2.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.      1886. 

•Report     VII.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.     1887. 

♦Report  VIIL     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.     1888. 

•Report      IX.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.     1889. 

•Report        X.     Wm.  Irelan,  Jr.      1890.  Price. 

Report      XL     Wm.  Irelan,   Jr.      1892.      (First  biennial) $1.00 

•Report     XII.     J.  J.  Crawford.      1894.      (Second  biennial) 

•Report  XIII.     J.  J.  Crawford.     1896.      (Third  biennial) 

Chapters  of  State  Mineralogist's  Report,  Fletcher  Hamilton  : 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Imperial  and  San  Diego  counties — F.   J.   H. 

Merrill.      1914   .35 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,   Amador,   Calaveras   and   Tuolumne  counties — 

W.  B.  Tucker.      1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,    Colusa,    Glenn.    Lake.    Marin,    Napa,    Solano, 

Sonoma  and  Yolo  counties — Walter  W.  Bradley.      1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,   Del  Norte,  Humboldt  and  Mendocino   counties 

— F.    L.    Lowell.      1915 .25 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Fresno,  Kern,  Kings,  Madera.  Mariposa,  Merced, 
San   Joaquin    and    Stanislaus   counties — Walter   W.    Bradley,    G.    C.    Brown, 

F.  L.  Lowell  and  R.  P.  McLaughlin.      1915 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,    Shasta,    Siskiyou   and   Trinity   counties — G.    C. 

Brown.      1915    .50 

BULLETINS. 

•Bulletin     1.     Desiccated  Human   Remains. — Winslow  Anderson.     1888 

♦Bulletin     2.     Methods  of  Mine  Timbering. — W.   H.   Storms.     1894 

♦Bulletin     3.     Gas  and  Petroleum  Yielding  Formations  of  the  Central  Valley  of 

California. — W.  L.  Watts.      1894 

♦Bulletin     4.     Catalogue    of    California   Fossils    (Parts   2,    3,    4    and    5). — J.    G.    

Cooper.      1894   

•Bulletin     5.     The  Cyanide  Process:   Its  Practical   Application   and  Economical    

Results. — A.   Scheidel.     1894 

Bulletin     6.     California   Gold   Mill   Practices.— E.    B.    Preston.      1895 .50 

•Bulletin     7.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1894. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin     8.     Mineral   Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1895. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin     9.     Mine  Drainage,  Pumps,  etc. — Hans  C.  Behr.      1896 

•Bulletin  10.     A    Bibliography    Relating    to    the    Geology,    Palaeontology,    and 

Mineral  Resources  of  California. — A.  W.  Vogdes.     1896- 

•Bulletin   11.     Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations  of   Los  Angeles.   Ventura  and 

Santa  Barbara  Counties. — W.  L.  Watts.      1896 

♦Bulletin  12.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1896. — Chas.    G. 

Yal©       C Ta.bul3,tG<i  sli6Gt)        —   — — — — — 

♦Bulletin  13.     Mineral  Production  of  California,   by   Counties,    1897. — Chas.   G. 

Yal©       f TcibulS-tGd  shGGt)        — — — ._—_.» — —     

♦Bulletin   14.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1898. — Chas.    G. 

Yale       ( Ta-bulatGd  sliGSt) — _.— 

Bulletin  15.     Map  of  Oil  City  Oil  Fields,  Fresno  County. — J.  H.  Means 

♦Bulletin  16.     The   Genesis   of   Petroleum  and   Asphaltum   in   California. — A.    S. 

Cooper.     1899 

♦Bulletin  17.     Mineral   Production    of   California,   by   Counties,    1899. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet)  

♦Bulletin  18.     The  Mother  Lode  Region  of  California. — W.  H.  Storms.  1900 

•Bulletin   19.     Oil   and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   California. — W.    L.   Watts. 

1900 


MINING   LAW   APPENDIX. 


169 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE     MINING     BUREAU— Continued. 

Asterisk  (*)   indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print. 

Price. 
•Bulletin  20.     Synopsis    of    General    Report    of    State    Mining    Bureau. — W.    L. 

Watts.     1900 

•Bulletin  21.     Mineral    Production    of   California,   by   Counties,    1900. — Clias.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   slieet)    

•Bulletin  22.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Fourteen   Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.     1900.      (Tabulated  sheet)   

Bulletin.  Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  Mining  District. — Stephen 

Bowers.     1901 . 

Bulletin  23.     The  Copper  Resources  of  California. — P.  C.  DuBois,  F.  M.  Ander- 
son, J.   H.   Tibbits,   and  G.  A.   Tweedy.      1902 .50 

•Bulletin  24.     The  Saline   Deposits  of  California. — G.   E.   Bailey.      1902 

•Bulletin  25.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1901. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

♦Bulletin  26.     Mineral    Production    of    California    for    Fifteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1901.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   27.     The   Quicksilver   Resources   of    California. — Wm.    P'orstner.     1903    

•Bulletin  28.     Mineral   Production   of  California,   by   Counties,    1902. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    slieet)    

•Bulletin   29.     Mineral    Production    of    California    for    Sixteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1902.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin  30.     A  Bibliography  of  Geology,  Palseontology,  and  Mineral  Resources 

of  California. — A.   W.   Vogdes.      1903   

•Bulletin   31.     Chemical  Analyses  of  California  Petroleum. — H.  N.  Cooper.      1903. 

(Tabulated  sheet)   

Bulletin  32.     Production  and  Use  of  Petroleum  in  California. — P.  W.  Prutzman. 

1904 .25 

•Bulletin  33.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by    Counties,    1903. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin  34.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Seventeen  Years. — Chas.  G. 

Yale.     1903.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin  35.     Mines  and  Minerals  of  California  for  1903. — Chas.  G.  Yale.      1904. 

(Statistical)    

•Bulletin   36.     Gold  Dredging  in  California. — J.  E.  Doolittle.     1905 

Bulletin  37.     Gems,  Jewelers'  Materials,  and  Ornamental  Stones  of  California. 
— George  F.  Kunz.      1905  : 

First  edition   (without  colored  plates) .25 

•Second  edition    (with  colored  plates) 

♦Bulletin   38.     The    Structural    and    Industrial    Materials    of    California. — Wm. 

Forstner,    T.    C.    Hopkins.    C.    Naramore,   L.    H.    Eddy.     1906—    

•Bulletin  39.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by   Counties,    1904. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    _ 

•Bulletin   40.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Eighteen  Tears. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      1904.       (Tabulated   sheet)    

♦Bulletin  41.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,     for     1904 — Chas.     G.     Yale 

(Statistical)    

♦Bulletin   42.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1905. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

♦Bulletin  43.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Nineteen   Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      1905.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

♦Bulletin   44.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1905. — Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)    

♦Bulletin  45.     Auriferous  Black  Sands  of  California. — J.  A.  Edman.     1907 _" 

Bulletin  46.     General  Index  to  Publications  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. — Com- 
piled by  Chas.  G.   Yale.      1907 _  _  30 

♦Bulletin  47.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1906.— Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

♦Bulletin  48.     Mineral    Production    of    California   for   Twenty    Years.—' Chas    G 

Yale.      1906.      (Tabulated  sheet)    

♦Bulletin  49.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1906. — Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)    

Bulletin  50.     The  Copper  Resources  of  California. — A.    Hausmann,  J.   Krutt-" 

.T,   „   ..      .,       ,  schnltt,  Jr..  W.    E.   Thorne.  J.   A.   Edman.     1908 1.00 

•Bulletm  51.     Mmeral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1907. — D     H 

.„   „     .  Walker,  Statistician.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletm  52.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for   Twenty-one   Years. — D.   H 

.X,   ,,  ..      r„      ,„"Walker,    Statistician.      1907.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin   53.     Mineral  Productions  of  California  for  1907,  with  County  Maps  — 

.T,  „  ..     ..      ,,.°-  ^-  Walker.  Statistician.     190S.      (Statistical) _.___    

♦Bulletin  54.     Mmeral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,     1908 — D     H. 

.^  „     •     ^        ,  Walker,    Statistician.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

♦Bulletm  55.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Twenty-two  Years — D    H 

.V,  „  ..     ..      ,,  Walker,   Statistician.     1908.      (Tabulated  sheet)    !___    

♦Bulletm  56.     Mmeral   Productions  for   1908,   County  Maps,   and  Mining  Laws 

.T,  „  ..     r,      r.  ?1  California.— D.  H.  Walker.     1909.      (Statistical) 

♦Bulletin  57.     Gold    Dredging    In    California. — W,    B.    Winston,    Charles   Janin. 

•Bulletin  58.  Mineral    Productlon'~of~~cVirfVrVlar'by"Coun'ties,~T909.— ^ 

•  T,  „     .      .  Walker,  Statistician.     (Tabulated  sheet) ___ 

♦Bulletin  59.  Mmeral  Production  of  California  for  Twenty-three  Years D    H 

.«  „  .,     <.«  Walker,  Statistician.     1909.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

♦Bulletin  60.  Mineral    Production    for    1909,    County   Maps,    and   Mining  Laws 

,o     or.«,        of  California.— D.  H.  Walker.     1910.     (Statistical) 

12 — 26437 


170  MINERAL   INDUSTRY   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE     MINING     BUREAU— Continued. 

Asterisk  (*)   indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print. 

Price. 
♦Bulletin  61.     Mineral   Production   of   California,    by   Counties,    for    1910. — D.    H. 

Walker,  Statistician.      (Tabulated  slieet) 

Bulletin   62.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Twenty-four  Yfars. — D.  H. 

Walker,  Statistician.      1910.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

Bulletin   63.      Petroleum    in    Southern    California. — P.    W.    Prutzman.      1912 .75 

Bulletin   64.      Mineral  Production  for   1911. — E.   S.   Boaliili,   Statistician,    1912__     

Bulletin   65.      Mineral   Production   for   1912. — E.   S.   Boalich,   Statistician,   1913__    

♦Bulletin   66.     Mining  Laws,  United   States  and  California,    1914 

Bulletin   67.     Minerals  of  California. — A.    S.    Eakle.      1914 

Bulletin   68.      Mineral    Production   for    1913. — E.    S.    Boalich.      1914 

Bulletin   69.      Petroleum  Industry  of  California,  with  FoUo  of  Maps  (18x22  in.) 

— R.   P.   McLaughlin  and  C.   A.   Waring.    1914 2.00 

Bulletin   70.      Mineral   Production   for   1914,   with  Mining  Law  Appendix.      1915     

Bulletin   71.      California  Mineral  Production  for  1915,  with  Mining  Law  Appen- 
dix and  Maps. — Walter  W.  Bradley,  1916 

REGISTERS   OF    MINES   WITH    MAPS. 

Amador   County   $.25 

Butte    County    .25 

♦Calaveras    County    

♦El  Dorado  County 

♦Inyo   County   

♦Kern  County 

Lake  County .25 

Mariposa  County .25 

♦Nevada    County 

♦Placer  County 

♦Plumas    County    

*San   Bernardino  County 

♦San   Diego   County 

Santa   Barbara  County .25 

♦Shasta   County    

♦Sierra  County 

♦Siskiyou  County 

♦Trinity  County 

♦Tuolumne  County 

Yuba    County    .25 

Register  of  Oil  Wells   (with  map),  Los  Angeles  City .35 

OTHER    MAPS. 

California,   Showing  Mineral  Deposits    (50x60   in.) — 

Mounted    $1.50 

Unmounted    .30 

Forest   Reserves   in   California — 

Mounted    .50 

Unmounted    .30 

♦Mineral  and  Relief  Map  of  California 

El  Dorado  County.  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Madera  County,   Showing  Boundaries   of  National   Forests   .20 

Placer  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National   Forests .20 

Shasta  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National   Forests .2  0 

Sierra  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of   National   Forests .20 

Siskiyou   Covmty,    Showing   Boundaries   of   National   Forests .2Q 

Trinity  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .45 

Tuolumne  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

♦Mother  Lode  Region 

Desert  Region  of  Southern   California .10 

Minaret    District,    Madera    County    .20 

Copper  Deposits  in  California .05 

Calaveras    County    .25 

Plumas    County    -25 

Tuolumne  County .25 

DETERMINATION     OF    MINERAL    SAMPLES. 

Samples  (limited  to  three  at  one  time)  of  any  mineral  found  in  the  state  ma.v  be 
sent  to  the  Bureau  for  identification,  and  the  same  will  be  classified  free  of  charge. 
No  samples  will  be  determined  if  received  from  points  outside  the  state.  It  must  be 
understood  that  no  assays,  or  quantitative  determinations  will  be  made.  Samples 
should  be  in  lump  form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  with  name  of  sender  on  oui- 
side  of  package,  etc.  No  samples  will  be  received  unless  delivery  charges  are  prepaid. 
A  letter  should  accompany  sample,  giving  locality  where  mineral  was  found  and  thf? 
nature  of  the  information  desired. 


MINING   LAW    APPENDIX. 


171 


The  following  couuty  maps  show  all  towns,  postoffices,  railroads,  stage  lines,  and 
the  highways.  They  are  esiiocially  valuable  to  all  who  wish  to  leave  the  railroad 
and  penetrate  to  the  interior  of  the  mining  districts  of  the  state.  These  maps  must 
not  be  reproduced  without  obtaining  permission  from  the  Mining  Bureau. 


RELIEF  MAP  OF 


CALIFORNIA 


Issued  by  the 


CALIfORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 


FLETCHER  HAMILTON 

State    Mineralogist 


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174 


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176 


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190 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Abandoned    sliaft.s,    fencing   of 152 

Alameda    County gg 

Map    of    ISO 

Alpine    County    89 

Map    of    179 

Aluminum :;3 

Amador    County    III. I     89 

Map  of 179 

Analyses  of  brick   days 43 

Of  litbia  minerals 75 

Annual   a-ssossmonts 187.   ]56 

Antimony    23 

Total    production    II     I     23 

Appendix     120-191 

Asbestos     G-l-fi6 

Total    production    I_I_     66 

Uses  and   characteristics 64-65 

Asphalt     41 

Assessments,    annual    137,   156 

Barytos     66 

Total    production    I     67 

Beach   placer  claims 158 

Stones    (gems)    70 

Benitoite     70 

Beryl     70 

Bituminous    rock    41 

Total    production    42 

Borax    _82-83 

Production,    1887-1915    83 

Brick     42-44 

Chemical  analysis  of  common  brick  , 

clays 43 

Production  of  various  kinds 43 

Total   production.    1843-1915 44 

Buiiaingr  stone.      (See  Granite,  Marble.  I 

Sandstone,   etc.) 

Law    regarding    use    of    California 

materials   in   public  buildings 147 

Bulletins,    list    of 168 

Butte  County 90 


Map  of 
Calaveras 

Map  of 
California 
California 


175 


County    90 

179 

Debris    Commission 159-165 

materials    in    public    build- 
ings     147 

California  mine   bell   signals 153 

California  mining  statutes 134 

Cement    : 44 

Total  production 45 

Chrome    45 

Total  production 46 

Citizenship   155 

Clay — pottery    67 

Production    1887-1915 68 

Products 67 

Clays,  analyses  of 43 

Coal    11 

Colusa  County 91 

Map  of 176 

Concrete,   rock  for 61 

Contra  Costa   County 91 

Map  of 178 

Copper     • 23-25 

Production    1SS7-T)15    25 

Corporation  license  tax  law 139 

Counties,  mineral  production  of.lO.  87-119 

Crushed  rock 61 

Curbing 58 

Department  of  Petroleum  and  Gas 123 

Del    Norte   County 92 

Map  of   172 

Determination  of  mineral  samples 170 

Diamonds 70 

Din tomaceous  earth.      f  See  Infu.sorial) 

Dolomite 68  ! 

El   Dorado  County 92  | 

Map   of 177 

Eminent  domain,  right  of 146 


PAGE 

Exits,   mine   151 

Extraction  of  minerals  from  waterll_   14  8 

Extra-lateral  rights 155 

Federal  mining  statutes 155-165 

Feldspar   09 

Total  production I     69 

Fencing  abandoned  shafts II 152 

Ferro-chrome  by  electric  furnace.  _  _  45 
Ferro-manganese  by  electric  furnace_     30 

Mre-clay 67 

I'orest  reserves,  mming  claims  in '  15!) 

Forms  for  location  notices I66    167 

Fre.sno   County   '     93 

Map  of _   _        ~I   igo 

Fu«ls I-IIII 11-21 

Fuller's    earth 69 


70 

49 


Total  production 
Furnaces  for  calcining  magnesTte__~_T8 
Gas.      (See  Natural  Gas.) 
Gems _       70 

Total  production ~_  I_~     71 

Glass  sand ~_   "     79 

Glenn  Covmty _   _  I_~   I~_~I     94 

Map  of :..::::.:_  lu 

Gold 25-28 

Percentage    yield    of,    by    lodes"  and 

placers    26 

Total  production I II   _27-98 

Granite    ~ gg 

Graphite I_   _III 71 

Gr.avel II_II._      60 

Grmdmg  mill  pebbles 59    60 

G.vpsum '  72 

Total  production I.I III_      72 

Hours  of  employment 151 

Humboldt  County 94 

Man    of ~ 174 

Hyacinth     I__I 70 

TTvdrocarbons    " 11-"' 1 

Hydmulic   mining 150,    159-165 

Imperial  County 95 

Map  of '. I I_   190 

Industrial    materials I_I_Il63-81 

,:  Infusorial   earth    73 

I       Total  production II 73 

Instructions   to   owners  and   operators 

of  hydraulic  mines  in  California.   164 

Inyo    County    95 

Map   of "_   184 

Iridium    j. 28 

Iron   ore 22 I     28 

Total  production IIII__I     29 

Jewelers'  materials.      (See  Gems.) 

Kern   County   96 

Map   of 185 

Kings   County II     97 

Map   of   I_   183 

Kunzito 70 

Lake  Count.v I 97 

Map   of 1 I    176 

Lands  uncovered  by  recession  of  water   14  7 

Larceny  of  gold  dust  and  amalgam 151 

Lassen   County 98 

Map  of 173 

Lassen  Peak  112 

Lead    _      29 

Production,  1887-1915 II_     30 

Lime    46-47 

Limestone     74 

Total     value     lime     and     limestone, 

1887-1915 74 

Lithi.a    75 

Minerals,   analyses  of 75 

Location  of  mining  claims,  etc 

134,    155-159 

Notices,  blanks  for 166,   167 

Lode  claims 155 

Los   Angeles   County 98 

Map  of 188 


192 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Macadam    61 

Madera  County yy 

Map  of ISl 

Magnesia    Hi 

Magnesite 47-53 

l-'ormulas  for  cement  of 51,   52 

Furnaces   for    calcining 48,   4y 

Mines  operating,  iyi5 47-4y 

Production  by  counties 53 

Production,  1887-1J15 53 

Uses  of 4y-52 

Values  of 52 

Manganese 30 

Total  production 31 

Maps,   list  of,  of  various  counties 170 

Marble    54 

Production,  1887-iyi5 54 

Maiin  County yy 

Map   of 178 

..i.uiposa  County luu 

Map   of iSl 

Mendocino  County 100 

Map  of li6 

Merced  County 101 

Map  of 181 

Metals 22-3y 

Mica    n 75 

Mill  sites,  location  of 134 

Mine  bell  signals 153 

Exits   151 

Miner's   inch   defined 150 

Mineral  industry,  review  of 7 

La^d   witliin  meander  of  lakes  and 

streams 148 

Output,   1915    (tabulation) 8 

Output  by  counties 10,   87-119 

Output,     comparative     value,     1914. 

1915 9 

Paint 76 

Mineral  Samples,  determination  of 170 

Water        76 

Prorluction,  1887-1915 77 

Mining  Bureau  Act 120 

Claims  in  forest  reserve 159 

On   stream   beds 158 

On   tide  lands 158 

Corporations    137 

Laws   120-167 

Locations 134,  155,  166.    167 

Modoc  County 101 

Map   of 173 

Molybdenum    31 

Mono  County 102 

Map  of 184 

Monterey  County 102 

Map   of 186 

Monumental   stone 58 

Museum  of  State  Mining  Bureau 

Frontispiece 

Napa  County 103 

Map  of 178 

Natural  gas 12-14 

Gasoline  from 13 

Production.  1888-1915 13 

Law  to  prevent  wasting  of 133 

Nevada  County 103 

Map  of 177 

Nickel    32 

Nitrates    83 

Oil.      {See  Petroleum.) 

Oil  and  gas  claims 158-159 

Department   of 123 

Onyx    54 

Orange  County  104 

Map  of 1S8 

Osmium    32 

Palladium    32 

Patents  for  mineral  claims 156 

Paving  blocks 58 

Pebbles  for  grinding  mills 59.   60 

Petroleum    14-21 

And  Gas.  Department  of 123 

Average  price  by  county.  1914,  1915     16 

Dividends  from 20 

Financial  tables 19,   20 


PAGE 

Operating  costs  by  fields 20 

Prices  by  fields 20 

Production,  1875-1915 16 

Pi-oduction  and  value  by  counties 16  " 

Production  by   fields 17 

Production      of     liglit     and     heavy 
gravities 18 

Statistics  of  well  operations 17 

Location   of   158 

Phospiiates     77 

Pickett    bill,    the 159 

Placer  County 104 

Map  of 177 

Placers,  location  of 134,  157-159 

Substances    that    may    be    located 

under 157-158 

Platinum 32 

From   blister   copper 32 

Production.  1887-1915 33 

Plumas  County 105 

Map   of 175 

Porcelain    67 

■.^otash     84 

Reservation  of  lands  bearing 159 

Protection  of  stockholders 144 

Proved  oil  land 21 

Publications  of  State  Mining  Bureau- 

168-170 

Pumice    77-78 

Pyrite    78 

Total  production 78 

Quartz     79 

Quicksilver     33-35 

Prices     34,   35 

Production  by  counties 34 

Total  production 35 

Recording   mining  claims 134,   156 

Rhodonite    54,   70 

Right    of   Eminent   Domain 146 

Riprap     61 

Riverside  County 106 

Map  of 190 

Rubble    61 

Sacramento  County 106 

Map   of 179 

Saline  lands 158 

Location   of 158 

Salines    82-86 

Salt    84-85 

Production,  1887-1915 85 

Samples,  determination  of 170 

San    Benito   County 107 

Map  of 186 

San  Bernardino  County 107 

Map  of 189 

San  Diego  County 108 

Map   of 190 

San    Francisco   County 109 

Map   of   180 

San   Joaquin   County 109 

Map   of 179 

San   Luis  Obispo   County 109 

Map   of 187 

San  Matoo  County 110 

Map   of 180 

Sand,    glass    79 

Sand    and    gravel 60 

Sand — lime  brick 42 

Sandstone 55 

Production,  1887-1915 55 

Santa   Barbara  County 110 

Map   of 187 

Santa   Clara   County 111 

Map  of 180 

Santa  Cruz  County 112 

Map  of 180 

School  lands,  mineral  on 137 

Serpentine    55 

Shafts,  abandoned,  fencing  of 152 

Shasta   County    112 

Map  of 174 

Sierra  County 113 

Map   of 175 

Signals,   mine   bell 153 

Silica    79,   80 


INDEX. 


193 


PAGE 

Silver 35-36 

Percentage   yield   of,   by   classes   of 
ores    36 

Production.  1S87-1915 36 

Siskiyou  County 113 

Map  of 172 

Slate    56 

Production.  1889-1915 56 

Soapstone 80-81 

Soda    86 

Total  production  of 86 

Solano  Countv 114 

Map  of   178 

Sonoma  County 115 

Map  of 178 

Stanislaus  County   115 

Map  of   -. 181 

St:ite  Mineralogist's  Reports,  list  of-_    168 

Mining  Bureau  Publications,  list  of 

168-170 

Stockholders,   protection   of 144 

Stone,  locations  of 158 

Miscellaneous    57-60 

Production  by  counties 62 

Stoneware    67 

Stream  beds,  mining  claims  on 158 

Strontium 81 

Structural   materials 40-62 

Sulphur 81 

Sutter  County 116 

Map  of 177 

Talc    --  --      80.   81 


PAGE 

Tehama  County  lie 

Map   of 174 

Telephone  system  in  mines 152 

Terra  cotta 67 

Tide  lands,  mining  claims  on 158 

Tile   42.   67 

Tin   37 

Topaz    70 

Tourmaline    70 

Travertine    5-1 

Trinity   County   116 

Map   of 174 

Tube  mill   pebbles 59.   60 

Tulare  County 117 

Map   of 183 

Tungsten 37-38 

Total  production 38 

Tunnel   locations 134,   156 

Tuolumne  County 117 

Map   of 179 

Vanadium 38 

Ventura  County   118 

Map   of 188 

Volcanic   ash    - 77-78 

Withdrawn  lands,  location  of  minerals 

on     159 

Witherite    66 

Yolo    County    119 

Map   of ,« 178 

Yuba   County , 119 

Map   of 177 

Zinc   39 

Total  production 39 


13—25437 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


94577 


naltf,  Dept.of  nat.res^ 


Bull. 


SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


C3 


J^ 


C3 

A3 
-?io.  7/ 


«^VEUSITV  OF  CALIFORNUI 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFOBN.A,  DAVIS 


3  1175  02235  5336 


— ^.  .........ii. 


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